Diploma Engineering Sem I English-3300002 Grammar Types of Sentence

What is Sentence?

What is Sentence? A set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses. From: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sentence?q=Sentence

(English) Sentence Structure Assertive Subject + Verb + Object

What is Verb? A word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence, such as hear, become, happen. From: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/verb?q=verb

Subject + Verb + Object / Complement What is Verb? Subject + Verb + Object / Complement I am a teacher I have a book I teach English

A verb is a word that shows position (being), possession or action. What is Verb? A verb is a word that shows position (being), possession or action.

Types of Sentences Simple: Compound: Complex:

Verb is a word that shows • Action (to do) • State / Position / Existence (to be) • Possession / Relation (to have) Sentence Shows I teach English Action I am a teacher State / Position / Existence I have a book Possession / Relation

(English) Sentence Structure Other than SVO Assertive • Subject + Verb + Object (Noun) • Subject + Verb + Complément (Noun / Adjective) • Subject + Verb + Adverb Subject + Verb + Adjective • Subject + Verb + Adverbial / s

(English) Sentence Structure Other than SVO • He is a teacher (subject + Complement) • He teaches (Subject + verb) • He teaches English (Subject + object) • He teachers well (Subject + adverb) • He teaches in the class (Subject + Adv. of Place) • He teaches everyday (Subject + Adv. of Frequency) • He teaches at 10 o’clock (Subject + Adv. of Time)

Types of Sentences Simple: Compound: Complex:

Types of Sentences Simple: one subject + one predicate Compound: Complex:

Types of Sentences Simple: one subject + one predicate Compound: Two simple sentences joined by Conjunction Complex:

Types of Sentences Simple: one subject + one predicate Compound: Two simple sentences joined by Conjunction Complex: Main clause and sub-ordinate clause joined by Connector

Simple Sentences What is Predicate?

Predicate The part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the subject (e.g. ‘went home’ in “John went home”) From: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/predicate?q=predicate Predicate is statement about the subject or it is a part of sentence except the subject

Simple Sentences Simple: one subject + one predicate I am a teacher

Simple Sentences Simple: one subject + one predicate Subject I am a teacher Predicate

Mostly subjects are in one word Predicate I am a teacher We are friends You are my cousin They have gone to Mumbai He is preparing for exam She is a sincere student It can run fast

Subjects containing more than one word Predicate The girl in a read saree is my sister The books on that table are mine The plants with yellow flowers are beautiful The book he bought is very costly The news I heard was very surprising

Subject The plants with yellow flowers Predicate are beautiful .

Compound Sentences Compound: two simple sentences joined with conjunction such as and, but, so, therefore, yet, etc….

‘So’ So : This connector is used to indicate the consequences a well as the reason. Ex. She has lot of pending so she is not able to come I was very tired so I could not go out with my friend The machine is out of order so the production is delayed The students did not complete the work so the teacher punished him

Compound Sentences with ‘so’ Simple Sentence no. 1 Clause showing reason Clause showing result

Compound Sentences with ‘so’ Ex. She has lot of work pending so she is not able to come I was very tired so I could not go out with my friend The machine is out of order so the production is delayed The students did not complete the work so the teacher punished him Sub Predicate conjunction She has lot of work pending so she is not able to come I Was very tired could not go out with my friend The machine is out of order the production is delayed The students did not complete the work the teacher punished him

Complex Sentences Complex: main clause and sub-ordinate clause Connected by Connector such as Who Whom Whose Which Where When and Why Sub-ordinate clause depends on the main clause

Formulation

Formulation Main Clause

Formulation Main Clause +

Main Clause + Subordinate Clause Formulation Main Clause + Subordinate Clause

What do we mean by Main Clause and Subordinate Clause? Formulation What do we mean by Main Clause and Subordinate Clause?

Formulation Main Clause:

Formulation Main Clause: Main Clause has its own individual meaning therefore it can stand on its own.

Formulation Subordinate Clause: Subordinate Clause depends on the main clause as it does not have its own individual meaning.

Formulation Main Clause: Main Clause has its own individual meaning therefore it can stand on its own. Subordinate Clause: Subordinate Clause depends on the main clause as it does not have its own individual meaning.

Examples Complex Sentence Main Clause with individual meaning Subordinate Clause that depends on main clause I get up when it is 7 o’clock I get up when it is 7 o’clock She knows the boy whom you are asking about She knows the boy whom you are asking about The engineer whose work you like is my brother The engineer is my brother whose work you like I know the place which you talked about I know the place which you talked about This is the school where my father is working as a clerk This is the school where my father is working as a clerk What was the date when Gandhiji was assassinated? What was the date when Gandhiji was assassinated? I don’t know why he is absent today I don’t know why he is absent today English Connectors

Complex Sentences A dependent clause may refer to a noun or pronoun in the main clause and may be joined with the main clause by such connectors as Who Which Whose Whom

Connectors and their usage Refers to… Who human being (noun or pronoun) Whom Whose Which Object, bird, animal, insect (noun or pronoun) Where Place When Time Why Reason

Connectors (in sub-ordinate clause) Refers to Examples Who human being here: Rabindranath Tagore Clause 1 The Gitanjali was written by Rabindranath Tagore Clause 2 He was a great painter. The Gitanjali was written by Rabindranath Tagore who was a great painter

Connectors (in sub-ordinate clause) Refers to Examples Who human being here: The girl Clause 1 The girl is my neighbor. Clause 2 She is in a red saree. The girl who is in a red saree is my neighbor

Connectors (in sub-ordinate clause) Refers to Examples Whom human being here: Rabindranath Tagore – the object of the main clause Clause 1 The Gitanjali was written by Rabindranath Tagore. Clause 2 Gandhiji called him ‘gurudev’. The Gitanjali was written by Rabindranath Tagore whom Gandhiji called ‘gurudev’.

Connectors (in sub-ordinate clause) Refers to Examples Whom human being Here: person Clause 1 I know the person Clause 2 The principal was scolding him I know the person whom the principal was scolding

Connectors (in sub-ordinate clause) Refers to Examples Whose human being here: Rabindranath Tagore Clause 1 Rabindranath Tagore was a great poet. Clause 2 His Gitanjali was awarded the Noble Price. Rabindranath Tagore was a great poet whose Gitanjali was awarded the Noble Price.

Connectors (in sub-ordinate clause) Refers to Examples Whose human being Here: Mr. Aanand Clause 1 Mr. Aanand is my friend. Clause 2 His photographs are nominated for the National award. Mr. Aanand whose photographs are nominated for the National award is my friend

Which Connectors (in sub-ordinate clause) Refers to Examples Object, bird, animal, insect (noun or pronoun) here: Gitanjali Clause 1 Rabindranath Tagore wrote the Gitanjali. Clause 2 It is a collection of poems. Rabindranath Tagore wrote the Gitanjali which is a collection of poems.

Which Connectors (in sub-ordinate clause) Refers to Examples Object, bird, animal, insect (noun or pronoun) Here: Project Clause 1 The students are working on a project Clause 2 It is going to help them a lot The students are working on a project which is going to help them a lot A project which the students are working on is going to help them a lot

Connectors (in sub-ordinate clause) Refers to Examples Where Place here: Shantiniketan Ashram Clause 1 [ends with place word] This is Shantiniketan Ashram. Clause 2 Gandhiji had come to meet gurudev here This is Shantiniketan Ashram where Gandhiji had come to meet gurudev.

Connectors (in sub-ordinate clause) Refers to Examples Where Place Here: hospital Clause 1 [ends with place word] This is the hospital Clause 2 My father is working as a doctor here This is the hospital where my father is working as a doctor

Connectors (in sub-ordinate clause) Refers to Examples When Time here: 1941 (year) Clause 1 [ends with time word] It was 1941 Clause 2 Gurudev passed away. It was 1941 when gurudev passed away.

Connectors (in sub-ordinate clause) Refers to Examples When Time here: season Clause 1 [ends with time word] Autumn is the season Clause 2 All the trees shed their leaves in it Autumn is the season when all the trees shed their leaves

Connectors (in sub-ordinate clause) Refers to Examples Why Reason here: reason Clause 1 [ends with reason word] Nobody knows the reason Clause 2 He left the job Nobody knows the reason why he left the job (Adjective Clause)

Connectors (in sub-ordinate clause) Refers to Examples Why Reason here: I don’t know Clause 1 [ends with reason word] I don’t know Clause 2 She is absent today I don’t know why she is absent today (Adverb Clause of Reason)

Thanks a lot !!! I M Khan Assistant Professor (English) OM Institute of Engineering & Technology, Junagadh