PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 1: Heritable Material by A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, & Christopher Paradise 1.1 What is biological information? 1.2 What is the heritable material? Integrating Concepts in Biology Title Page Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Biology Learning Objective Categorize different forms of biological information. BME Learning Objective Explain why amino acids make a better code than nucleotides and why biologists were reluctant to concede that DNA was the heritable material. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Four Breeds of One Species Opening Figure Slight differences in genetic information leads to different phenotypes. courtesy Kevin G. Smith and Abbye W. Stooksbury

To be considered information: 1.data must be stored for later use 2.its content has to be communicated 3.it has to be implemented and/or interpreted at some point in time. Define Information

Information Recurring Themes 1.Heritable information provides for continuity of life. 2.Imperfect information transfer produces variation. 3.Information can be expressed and regulated without loss of content. 4.Non-heritable information is transmitted within and between biological systems.

Biological Information Fig. 1.1 courtesy Chris Paradise, Todd Eckdahl, and Travis Mohrman

Biological Information molecular communication among individuals inter-species Fig. 1.1 courtesy Chris Paradise, Todd Eckdahl, and Travis Mohrman

Biological Information Fig. 1.1 courtesy Chris Paradise, Todd Eckdahl, and Travis Mohrman

Biological Information Fig. 1.1 courtesy Chris Paradise, Todd Eckdahl, and Travis Mohrman

Photographs of Pneumococcus Strains Fig. 1.2 from Belanger et al. 2004

Photographs of Pneumococcus Strains Fig. 1.2 R strain  S strain from Belanger et al. 2004

Photographs of Pneumococcus Strains Fig. 1.2 R strain  S strain lethalharmless from Belanger et al. 2004

Griffith’s Experiments Fig. 1.3 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Griffith’s Experiments Fig. 1.3 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Griffith’s Experiments Fig. 1.3 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Griffith’s Experiments Fig. 1.3 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Griffith’s Experiments Fig. 1.3 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Griffith’s Experiments Fig. 1.3 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Griffith’s Experiments Fig. 1.3 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Griffith’s Experiments Fig. 1.3 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Cell Extract Determines Phenotype Fig. 1.4 courtesy of Abagael Slattery and from Belanger et al. 2004

Cell Extract Determines Phenotype Fig. 1.4 R strain S strain courtesy of Abagael Slattery and from Belanger et al. 2004

Avery’s Transforming Factor Table 1.1 Table 1.1 Comparison of four independent preparations of transforming factor vs purified DNA. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Avery’s Transforming Factor Table 1.1 Table 1.1 Comparison of four independent preparations of transforming factor vs purified DNA. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Avery’s Transforming Factor Table 1.1 Table 1.1 Comparison of four independent preparations of transforming factor vs purified DNA. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Avery’s Transforming Factor Table 1.1 Table 1.1 Comparison of four independent preparations of transforming factor vs purified DNA. nitrogen/phosphorous ratios of transforming factor ≈ DNA

Five Amino Acids Fig. 1.5A Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Five Amino Acids Fig. 1.5A four peptide bonds Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Five Amino Acids Fig. 1.5A common amino acid backbones Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Five Amino Acids Fig. 1.5A amino acid side chains Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Fig. 1.5B 4 phosphates (long bonds stretched for clarity only) Four Nucleotides Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Fig. 1.5B 4 deoxyribose sugars Four Nucleotides Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Four Nucleotides Fig. 1.5B guanine = G cytosine = C adenine = A thymine = T 4 bases Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.