Genetics I. Introduction A. A. History

1. C. C. Darwin & A. A. Wallace  blending 2. G. G. Mendel & F. F. Unger  mixing 3. W. Sutton  Chromosomal theory of Inheritance 4. T. Morgan  Genes & Chromosomes plus linkage groups

5. A. A. Sturtevant  genetic mapping 6. F. F. Griffith  hereditary molecule 7. O. Avery etal.  DNA hereditary molecule 8. B. McKlintock  Transposons

9. W. W. Fiers  sequenced viral gene 10. A. A. Jeffreys  DNA finger printing  Viral DNA sequenced  yeast DNA sequenced  round worm DNA sequenced  human DNA sequenced

II. Mendelian Monohybrid Cross A. A. Experimental Design

a. Definition b. Terms i. Self vs. Cross Fertilization ii. Traits vs. Characteristics

c. Process

c. Process Figure 14.2

c. Process Figure 14.3

Figure 14.4 d. Principle  traits are paired and sorted

d. Principle  traits are paired and sorted Figure 14.5

i. Gene versus Allele ii. Homozygous versus Heterozygous iii. Dominance versus Recessive iv. Genotype versus Phenotype e. Terms

Figure 14.6

f. Testcross Figure 14.7

f. Testcross

2. 2. Dihybrid Cross

a. Definition b. Process Start by figuring out how many and type of gametes Figure 14.8

Dihybrid Heterozygous cross = Phenotypic ratio= 9:3:3:1, Genotypic ratio= 1:1:2:2:4:2:2:1:1 Dihybrid Heterozygous cross Homozygous Dominant = Phenotypic ratio = all dominant, Genotypic ratio = 1:1:1:1 c. Principle  Each pair of alleles and chromosomes sort independently into gametes. AaBb X AABB Gametes AaBb = AB, Ab, aB, & ab; AABB= AB only Practice AaBb X AaBb Gametes AaBb = AB, Ab, aB, & ab for both

III. Variation on Mendel A. A. Dominance

AA aa Aa 2. Co-dominance 1. Complete

3. Incomplete dominance Figure 14.10

B. B. Gene Interactions

1. Multiple Alleles

2. Pleitrophy3. Penetrance

C. C. Beyond Mendel

1. Epistasis

2. Polygenic Figure 14.11

2. Polygenic Figure 14.12

IV. Classical Genetics A. A. History

Figure R. R. Punnet & W. W. Bateson  ???

a. Drosophila melangastor Figure 15.3 WHY? 2. T. Morgan  Genes & Chromosomes, Karyotyping, plus linkage groups

Figure 15.4

b. Genetic Recombination

Figure 15.5

b. Genetic Recombination

3. A. Sturtevant  Genetic Mapping Based on frequency of expression of traits showing together Figure 15.6

Based on frequency of expression of traits showing together 3. A. Sturtevant  Genetic Mapping Figure 15.7

Based on frequency of expression of traits showing together 3. A. Sturtevant  Genetic Mapping Figure 15.8

B. B. Sex Linkage

1. Basis of SEX

1. Basis of SEX Figure 15.9

1. SEX linked inheritance Figure 15.9

a. Barr Bodies Figure 15.11

V. Detection of Problems A. A. Techniques

1. Karyotyping 2. Amniocentesis == Cellular and Chemical Analysis Figure 14.17

3. Ultrasound 4. Chorionic Villi Sampling == Cellular and Chemical Analysis Figure 14.17

5. Fetal Tissue Sampling

6. Pedigree Analysis Figure 14.14

6. Pedigree Analysis

6. Pedigree Analysis

Learning can be such sweet sorrow.