Any chemical, biological, or physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired usage.

WHO: * 3.4 million premature deaths each year from waterborne diseases * 1.9 million from diarrhea * U.S. 1.5 million illnesses * 1993 Milwaukee 370,000 sick

Infectious Agents: - bacteria and viruses often from animal wastes Oxygen Demanding Wastes: - organic waste that needs oxygen often from animal waste, paper mills and food processing. Inorganic Chemicals: - Acids and toxic chemicals often from runoff, industries and household cleaners Organic Chemicals: - oil, gasoline, plastics, detergents often from surface runoff, industries and cleaners Plant Nutrients: - water soluble nitrates, ammonia and phosphates often from sewage, agriculture and urban fertilizers Sediment: - soils and silts from land erosion can disrupt photosynthesis, destroy spawning grounds, clog rivers and streams Heat Pollution and Radioativity: mostly from power plants

 Point sources  Nonpoint sources  Water quality

NONPOINT SOURCES Urban streets Suburban development Wastewater treatment plant Rural homes Cropland Factory Animal feedlot POINT SOURCES Fig p. 494

Point Source Pollution: - There is one major source of the pollution and it can be identified. - Examples: Pipe coming out of a factory directly into a river. Nonpoint Source Pollution: - There can be many sources for a body of water being polluted. - Example: A river being polluted due to urban runoff.

Agriculture:(A.K.A: Farms) * Sediment: Heavy rains cause soil erosion. * Fertilizers and Herbicides: Farmers use these on their crops for bug and weed control. They runoff during rain. * Bacteria from livestock: Animals use the land as their bathroom. Their feces contains nitrates which pollute river during rain runoff. * Salt from soil irrigation

Industrial: * Clearing of land for businesses to be built can cause soil erosion. * Waste a sewage dumping by factories. * Big power plants use rivers, streams, and lakes to dispose of waste heat. * Fort Meyers, Florida Manatee Park * anoramas-parks-i-n.html#manatee anoramas-parks-i-n.html#manatee * Factories dump toxic or radioactive materials. * Burning fuels causes “acid rain”.

Home: * Sewage and septic leak in water source. * Fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides used for lawn maintenance. * Putting hazardous chemicals down the drain. * Oil and antifreeze leak from cars onto the driveway.

Developed Countries U.S. and other developed countries sharply reduced point sources even with population and economic growth * Nonpoint still a problem * Toxic chemicals still problem * Success Cuyahoga River, Thames River

Developing Countries: Serious and growing problem * Half of world’s 500 major rivers heavily polluted * Sewage treatment minimal $$$ * Law enforcement difficult * 10% of sewage in China treated * Economic growth with little $$$ to clean up

* Holy River (1 million take daily holy dip) * 350 million (1/3 rd of pop) live in watershed * Little sewage treatment * Used for bathing, drinking etc. * Bodies (cremated or not) thrown in river * Good news is the Indian government is beginning to work on problem

* How successful has the U.S. been at reducing water pollution? Clean Water Act * What law governs water pollution in the United States?

Most developed countries use laws to set water pollution standards. Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act 1972, ’77, ’87) * Regulates navigable waterways..streams, wetlands, rivers, lake

* Sets standards for key pollutants * Requires permits for discharge * Requires sewage treatment * Require permits for wetland destruction * Does not deal with nonpoint sources well * Goal All Waterways fishable and swimable

* Between 1972 – 2002 fishable and swimmable streams 36% to 60% * 74% served by sewage treatment * Wetlands loss dropped by 80% * Topsoil losses dropped by 1 billion tons annually

* 45% of Lakes, 40% streams still not fishable and swimmable * Nonpoint sources still huge problem * Livestock and Ag. Runoff * Fish with toxins

* How is waste water cleaned? * How is drinking water purified? High tech way. * How can we purify drinking water in developing nations? * Is bottled water a good answer or an expensive rip-off? * How do sewage treatment plants work?

 Septic Systems Fig p. 510 ¼ of all U.S. homes have Septic tanks Septic tanks are used primarily outside city limits. How does it work? The Septic Tank — A septic tank's purpose is to separate solids from the wastewater, store and partially decompose as much solid material as possible, while allowing the liquid (or effluent) to go to the drainfield....more The Drainfield — After solids settle in the septic tank, the liquid wastewater (or effluent) is discharged to the drainfield, also known as an absorption or leach field....more The Soil — The soil below the drainfield provides the final treatment and disposal of the septic tank effluent. After the wastewater has passed into the soil, organisms in the soil treat the effluent before it percolates downward and outward, eventually entering ground or surface water. The type of soil also impacts the effectiveness of the drainfield; for instance, clay soils may be too tight to allow much wastewater to pass through and gravelly soil may be too coarse to provide much treatment.

 Sewage Treatment Plant v/mwwd/general/kids/lea rnit/virtualsewage.shtml

Fig p. 513

There can be simple ways to purify water: * Exposing to heat and UV rays * Fine cloths to filter water * Add small amounts of chlorine

U.S. has the world’s safest tap water due to billions of $$$ of investment Bottle water 240 to 10,000 times more expensive than tap water 25% of bottle water is tap water

1.4 million metric tons of bottle thrown away each year Toxic fumes released during bottling Bottles made from oil based plastics Water does not need to meet SDWA