1 RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT PART 2 A RAHMAN RWE NUKEM Ltd (UK) Name, company and chapter

2 Sources of Radioactive Waste Operational activities POCO Decontamination Dismantling Land remediation

3 Management of Radioactive Waste From generation of waste To disposal of waste

4 Hazards in RWM UnmanagedManagedConditioned Disposed Variation of hazards with RWM Hazards

5 Physical States of waste Solids: Contaminated materials, equipment, pipes, cables, concrete, rubbles etc Liquids: Arising from decontamination work, waste treatment plant, water purification system etc. Gases: Arising from decontamination processes, dismantling activities etc.

6 Waste types Primary wastes: contaminated and activated original materials. Secondary wastes: from processing of primary waste, from decontamination and other associated processes.

7 Treatment objectives Volume reduction Removal of activities Suitable composition

8 Conditioning objectives Conversion to solid form waste form Suitable for long term storage or disposal

9 Pre-treatment Treatment Conditioning Storage and Disposal Cleared Material (specific) Cleared Material (general) Waste and materials

10 Various types of Treatment  Solid waste:(i) Compaction (ii) Incineration  Aqueous effluent:(i) Chemical precipitation (ii) Evaporation (iii) Ion exchange  Gaseous waste:(i) HEPA filters (ii) Adsorption or chemisorption (iii) Scrubbing (iv) Cryogenic retention

11 Types of Treatment for Solid Waste No compaction, no incineration No compaction, incineration Pre-compaction, no incineration Pre-compaction, incineration

12 Burnable Waste Compactor (Low force Compactor)

13 In-drum Compactor (Low force Compactor)

14 Pallet Drying Facility (PETRA) At pressures of 20 – 50 mbar (abs) At temperatures of about C Up to about 8 drums at a time

15 Super-compactor with horizontal piston (FAKIR) 1: Exit2: Sliding door 3: Jib crane4: Grab 5: Compactor chamber6: Tipping device 7: Charger8: Working platform 9: Hydraulic system and control10 Hydraulic cylinder 11: Ram

l drum

17 Compacting a metal drum

18 Incineration – Shaft kiln with tipping grate

19 Evaporation plant for LLW

20 Waste Receipt Assay Characterisation and Super- compaction (WRACS) at Dounreay

21 Super-compacted drum on a product line at Dounreay

22 ‘Pucks’ lowered by crane on a HHISO container at Dounreay

23 HHISO to the monitoring and inspection area at Dounreay