CHAPTER 11 ROME

 Etruscans  Foreigners  Anatolia  Influence:  Roads, defenses, govt.  Decline FOUNDATIONS

 Monarchy  Republic  Senate TRANSITION

 Aristocracy v. people  Complex racial makeup  Indigenous Italians  Indo-Europeans  Greek colonies REPUBLIC

 Rivalry with neighbors  Central, southern Italy by mid-4th century B.C.E.  Causes?  Extension of citizenship  Growth of military  Punic Wars  146 B.C.E., Roman victory  Carthage EXPANSION

 Consequences  Gap betw. rich and poor  Larger estates  Slaves + EXPANSION

EXPANSION, 133 B.C.E.

 Class conflict  Julius Caesar  49 B.C.E., takes power  44 B.C.E., assassination CRISIS

 Civil War  Caesar's nephew, Octavian, 31 B.C.E.  Empire  “Augustus” CRISIS

 First 2 centuries of common era  Republic to dictatorship  Imperial greatness “PAX ROMANA”

 Imperial Rule  Unification  Inclusion, citizenship  Roman culture EMPIRE

 Augustus and His Successors  Reforms  Laws supporting marriage, family  Building program EMPIRE

 Government and Expansion  Commerce regulated  Grain supply  Taxation EMPIRE

 Farming  Merchants later  Family  Patriarchal society EMPIRE

 Equity  Roman “pater” weakened  Women  Innocent until proven guilty ROMAN LAW

 Greek influence  Roman differences  Rhetoric SOCIETY

 Roads  Best technology  Engineering  Stone arches  Strength, longevity  Public works  Concrete – Roman invention  Baths, buildings, aqueducts “BUILDERS”

 Increases with empire  war captives SLAVERY

CULTURE

 Violent, bloody fights  Humans, animals  To death  betting GLADIATORS

 Bath houses  All Romans  Clean and elaborate  Process d  Steam  Warm water  Hothouse – dry bath  Warm pool  Cleaning, scraping, dried  Lukewarm bath  Cold bath  Food, drink, sex THERMAE

 Meretrix – prostitute  Mainly slaves, some Romans  Highly regulated  Clothes, taxes, officials  Lupanar – brothel  Different conditions  Well organized  Many involved in operations  Small rooms; dark, gloomy  Little privacy PROSTITUTION

THE ROMAN EMPIRE FROM AUGUSTUS TO 180 C.E.

 In Roman empire, not culture  Jesus of Nazareth  Reform Judaism  Love, charity, humility  Popular following CHRISTIANITY

 Growing popularity  Why?  Paul of Tarsus  Initially anti-Christian  Spread Christian message  Jesus – real person  Dynamic, aggressive, equality  Rich and poor  Beliefs CHRISTIANITY

 Christian religion  Greek and Roman ideals  Imperial cult  Persecution CHRISTIANITY

 Christianity  Most important ritual: eucharist  Wine: centerpiece, duty  Blood of Christ  Miracles  Sacred vs. secular  Moderation ALCOHOL

 Wine production  Convivium – Dinner party  Coarse, rowdy (compared to Greeks)  Drunkenness, lewd conduct ALCOHOL

 Challenges  Declining revenue  Borders threatened  Fewer slaves  Epidemics DECLINE

 Classical Mediterranean Heritage  Passed on Greek culture  + contributions in law, architecture, empire DECLINE