International Peace Collapse Great Britain Soccer team playing in Germany.

Appeasement and it’s affect on the League of Nations

Appeasement A policy aimed at avoiding war by making concessions (give in) to another power. A policy aimed at avoiding war by making concessions (give in) to another power.

Reasons for Appeasement The following are the top 5 reasons why Appeasement became policy. The following are the top 5 reasons why Appeasement became policy. Some people believe in Hitler's Policies Some people believe in Hitler's Policies Some believe that a strong Germany would stop the spread of communist Russia Some believe that a strong Germany would stop the spread of communist Russia Many people felt that the business in Europe was not their concern. Many people felt that the business in Europe was not their concern. Many people wanted peace Many people wanted peace Many thought the Treaty of Versailles was to harsh. Many thought the Treaty of Versailles was to harsh.

8 results of Appeasement 1. Let Hitler grow stronger. 2. Gave England time to rearm. 3. Humiliated England and countries no longer trusted them. 4. Abandoned (gave) many people to the Nazis. 5. Caused WWII by allowing Hitler to think he could do 5. Caused WWII by allowing Hitler to think he could do anything. anything. 6. Gave Britian the moral high ground when war came 6. Gave Britian the moral high ground when war came because they knew they did everything possible to keep because they knew they did everything possible to keep peace. peace. 7. Would have never stopped Hitler because he was determined to go to war. 8. Was the final attempt to save millions of people by 8. Was the final attempt to save millions of people by preventing war. preventing war.

Manchuria The Nationalist government of China led by Chiang Kai-shek was weak, corrupt and busy fighting the Communists. The Nationalist government of China led by Chiang Kai-shek was weak, corrupt and busy fighting the Communists. Because of the Great Depression, Japan wanted to build an empire to secure supplies of raw materials. Because of the Great Depression, Japan wanted to build an empire to secure supplies of raw materials. The Japanese government was controlled by the army. The Japanese government was controlled by the army. China ruled Manchuria, but the Japanese army China ruled Manchuria, but the Japanese army ran the railway there, and ruled in Korea. ran the railway there, and ruled in Korea.

Manchuria Sept 1931: There was some vandalism on the Manchurian railway; Japan claimed the Chinese had sabotaged the railway. Sept 1931: There was some vandalism on the Manchurian railway; Japan claimed the Chinese had sabotaged the railway. They invaded Manchuria and set up the 'independent' (i.e. Japanese-controlled) state of Manchukuo under the former Emperor of China, Henry P'ui. They invaded Manchuria and set up the 'independent' (i.e. Japanese-controlled) state of Manchukuo under the former Emperor of China, Henry P'ui. China appealed to the League. China appealed to the League.

Manchuria Dec 1931: the League appointed a commission led by Lord Lytton to investigate. Dec 1931: the League appointed a commission led by Lord Lytton to investigate. He did not go to Manchuria until April 1932 and did not report until October. He did not go to Manchuria until April 1932 and did not report until October. Oct 1932: Lytton's report stated that Japan was the aggressor and should leave. Oct 1932: Lytton's report stated that Japan was the aggressor and should leave. 24 Feb 1933: The Assembly voted that Japan should leave Manchuria 24 Feb 1933: The Assembly voted that Japan should leave Manchuria Japan walked out of the meeting. Japan walked out of the meeting.

Manchuria Japan stayed in Manchuria. Japan stayed in Manchuria. The League could not agree economic sanctions or an arms sales ban. The League could not agree economic sanctions or an arms sales ban. In 1933 Japan resigned from the League, and invaded/ conquered Jehol (next to Manchuria). In 1933 Japan resigned from the League, and invaded/ conquered Jehol (next to Manchuria).

Manchuria A SPECTACULAR failure: A SPECTACULAR failure: 1. The Japanese continued to expand: 1. The Japanese continued to expand: they kept Manchuria they kept Manchuria they invaded Jehol in 1933 and China in they invaded Jehol in 1933 and China in 1937.

Manchuria A SPECTACULAR failure: A SPECTACULAR failure: 2. The League was discredited/ Manchuria showed: 2. The League was discredited/ Manchuria showed: It was slow (the Lytton Report took almost a year It was slow (the Lytton Report took almost a year A country could get its own way if it ignored it A country could get its own way if it ignored it ‘Collective security' was useless against big ‘Collective security' was useless against big countries - especially during the Great Depression. countries - especially during the Great Depression. Even the great powers within the League (Japan Even the great powers within the League (Japan was on the Council) were happy to ignore it. was on the Council) were happy to ignore it.

Abyssinia The Dispute: The Dispute: Mussolini got ready to invade Abyssinia (Ethiopia). He wanted war and glory. Mussolini got ready to invade Abyssinia (Ethiopia). He wanted war and glory. Abyssinia asked the League to help. Abyssinia asked the League to help.

Abyssinia What the League did: What the League did: The League talked to Mussolini–but he used the time to send an army to Africa. The League talked to Mussolini–but he used the time to send an army to Africa. The League suggested a plan to give part of Abyssinia to Italy. The League suggested a plan to give part of Abyssinia to Italy.

Abyssinia The Outcome: The Outcome: Mussolini ignored the League, and invaded Abyssinia. Mussolini ignored the League, and invaded Abyssinia. The League banned weapons sales, and put sanctions on rubber and metal. The League banned weapons sales, and put sanctions on rubber and metal. The Abyssinian Emperor Haile Selassie went to the League to appeal for help, but it did nothing else–in fact Britain and France secretly agreed to give Abyssinia to Italy (the Hoare- Laval Pact). The Abyssinian Emperor Haile Selassie went to the League to appeal for help, but it did nothing else–in fact Britain and France secretly agreed to give Abyssinia to Italy (the Hoare- Laval Pact). appeal appeal Italy conquered Abyssinia Italy conquered Abyssinia The League had failed. The League had failed.

The Road to World War II

January 1933: Hitler became Chancellor of Germany – Withdrew from League of Nations. German political competition thought making Hitler Chancellor would be a calming compromise…they were wrong.

Hitler’s Foreign Policy Two Parts to Hitler’s Policy Two Parts to Hitler’s Policy Expansion Expansion Arms Race Arms Race Hitler’s Main Goal Hitler’s Main Goal Hitler wanted to unite all land that had German’s living there. Hitler wanted to unite all land that had German’s living there. This means going against the League of Nations. This means going against the League of Nations.

1934 Hitler soon ordered a programme of rearming Germany – ignoring Treaty of Versailles Hitler visits a factory and is enthusiastically greeted. Many Germans were grateful for jobs after the misery of the depression years.

March 1936: German troops marched into the Rhineland The Rhineland (a region of Germany bordering France and Belgium) was ‘demilitarised’ after WWI. Germany was not allowed to have troops in the region but ignored this as a test of the League of Nations.

March 1938: Nazi Germany annexed Austria Again, going against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which banned Germany from uniting with Austria. The arrival of German troops was met with great enthusiasm by many Austrian people. Shortly after the German annexation of Austria, Nazi Storm Troopers stand guard outside a Jewish-owned business. Graffiti painted on the window states: "You Jewish pig may your hands rot off!" Vienna, Austria, March Not everyone welcomed the Germans…

Before signing the Munich agreement. Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini,Munich agreement ChamberlainDaladierHitlerMussolini · Sept – At the Munich Conference, Hitler invited the leaders of Britain and France to Germany and assured them that he wanted no more territory. (Thus giving him Czech.)

March 1939: Germany invaded Czechoslovakia Hitler had ordered the occupation Sudetenland (in October 1938). England/France hoped that this would be the last conquest of the Nazis. However, in March 1939, he ordered his troops to take over the remainder of Czechoslovakia. Tears of joy for being part of German “again”.

Czechoslovakia Summary Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Munich Conference Munich Conference Met with England and France Met with England and France Told them if we get this little piece of Czechoslovakia we will not go after more land (Sept. 1938) Told them if we get this little piece of Czechoslovakia we will not go after more land (Sept. 1938) England and France agreed. England and France agreed. Hitler ordered his troops to take the rest Czechoslovakia 5 months later. (March 1939) Hitler ordered his troops to take the rest Czechoslovakia 5 months later. (March 1939)

Hitler and Stalin (the Russian leader) signed a ‘non- aggression pact’. As part of the deal, Hitler promised Stalin part of Poland, which he planned to invade soon. It was a surprising partnership. August 1939: Germany and Russia signed a non-aggression pact This photo shows the Russian foreign minister signing the pact, whilst Stalin stands smiling in the background

The pact allowed Germany to march into Poland without fear of an attack from Russia. On 3rd September 1939, Germany invaded Poland and two days later Britain and France declared war. September 1939: Germany invaded Poland German troops burning village and marching into Warsaw, the capital of Poland.

Poland and Nazi Soviet Pact Nazi Soviet Pact (non-aggression pact) Nazi Soviet Pact (non-aggression pact) Hitler and Stalin Met Hitler and Stalin Met Hitler told Stalin He planned to invade Poland Hitler told Stalin He planned to invade Poland Stalin was promised piece of Poland if he left Germany alone. Stalin was promised piece of Poland if he left Germany alone.

May 1940: Germany turned west and invaded France and the Netherlands In May 1940, Germany used Blitzkrieg tactics to attack France and the Netherlands (fooled the defences by not attacking through Belgium as they did in WWI British troops were forced to retreat from the beaches of Dunkirk in northern France. Captured British troops, May 1940

By June 1940, France had surrendered to the Germans Britain now stood alone as the last remaining enemy of Hitler’s Germany in Western Europe. Adolf Hitler tours Paris after his successful invasion.

September 1940-May 1941: the Blitz For the following nine months, the German air force (Luftwaffe) launched repeated bombing raids on British towns and cities. This was known as the BLITZ and was an attempt to bomb Britain into submission.

Operation Barbarossa, June 1941, Attack on Russia But in May, 1941, Hitler ordered a change of tactics. He decided to halt the bombing of Britain and launch an attack against Russia. He betrayed Stalin and ignored the promises he had made.

Hitler Goes against Nazi-Soviet Pact Hitler Hitler Germany controls the west (France) Germany controls the west (France) Hitler turns to the east. Hitler turns to the east. Hitler ignores the Pact. Hitler ignores the Pact. Attacks Russia. Attacks Russia. Russia now is in the war. Russia now is in the war.