Invasive Species: An Important Stressor in the Mid-Atlantic Area

James K. Andreasen Daniel A. Kluza U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development National Center for Environmental Assessment Washington, DC

Mid-Atlantic Invasive Species Ecosystem structure and functionEcosystem structure and function Broad array of taxaBroad array of taxa –Plants, insects, pathogens Regional habitat diversityRegional habitat diversity –Forest Alliaria petiolataAlliaria petiolata Discula destructivaDiscula destructiva Adelges tsugaeAdelges tsugae Lymantria disparLymantria dispar

Mid-Atlantic Invasive Species Regional habitat diversityRegional habitat diversity –Streams, rivers Dreissena polymorphaDreissena polymorpha Hydrilla verticillataHydrilla verticillata –Wetlands Lythrum salicariaLythrum salicaria Microstegium vimineumMicrostegium vimineum –Chesapeake Bay Cygnus olorCygnus olor Myocastor coypusMyocastor coypus

Mid-Atlantic Invasive Species Ecosystem goods and services, socioeconomic costsEcosystem goods and services, socioeconomic costs –Dreissena polymorpha –Hydrilla verticillata Public healthPublic health –Aedes albopictus –Heracleum mantegazzianum Chestnut blight Cryphonectria parasitica

Significant, but often overlooked problemSignificant, but often overlooked problem Existing strategies are reactiveExisting strategies are reactive Action taken only after detection of invasion/collateral damageAction taken only after detection of invasion/collateral damage Due to time-lag, species may already be establishedDue to time-lag, species may already be established Such an approach is environmental catch-upSuch an approach is environmental catch-up Mid-Atlantic Invasive Species

What is a better way ? Predictive Modeling Accumulate occurrence data on native rangeAccumulate occurrence data on native range Build ecological niche modelBuild ecological niche model Project niche model to areas of actual or potential invasionProject niche model to areas of actual or potential invasion

Uses a genetic algorithm, an artificial intelligence application, for choosing rulesUses a genetic algorithm, an artificial intelligence application, for choosing rules Uses multiple rule types (BIOCLIM, logistic regression, etc.)Uses multiple rule types (BIOCLIM, logistic regression, etc.) Different decision rules may apply to different sectors of species’ distributionsDifferent decision rules may apply to different sectors of species’ distributions Extensive testing indicates excellent predictive abilityExtensive testing indicates excellent predictive ability Predictive Modeling: Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction (GARP)

Tests of GARP Model Predictivity Anderson, R. P., M. Gomez, and A. T. Peterson Geographical distributions of spiny pocket mice in South America: Insights from predictive models. Global Ecology and Biogeography 11: Anderson, R. P., M. Gomez, and A. T. Peterson Geographical distributions of spiny pocket mice in South America: Insights from predictive models. Global Ecology and Biogeography 11: Anderson, R. P., M. Laverde, and A. T. Peterson. In press. Niche-based models of species' potential macrodistributions suggest competition and competitive release in spiny pocket mice. Oikos.Anderson, R. P., M. Laverde, and A. T. Peterson. In press. Niche-based models of species' potential macrodistributions suggest competition and competitive release in spiny pocket mice. Oikos. Anderson, R. P., D. Lew, and A. T. Peterson Using error distributions to select best subsets of predictive models of species' distributions. Ecological Modelling.Anderson, R. P., D. Lew, and A. T. Peterson Using error distributions to select best subsets of predictive models of species' distributions. Ecological Modelling. Feria, T. P., and A. T. Peterson Using point occurrence data and inferential algorithms to predict local communities of birds. Diversity and Distributions 8:49-56.Feria, T. P., and A. T. Peterson Using point occurrence data and inferential algorithms to predict local communities of birds. Diversity and Distributions 8: Peterson, A. T Predicting species' geographic distributions based on ecological niche modeling. Condor 103: Peterson, A. T Predicting species' geographic distributions based on ecological niche modeling. Condor 103: Peterson, A. T., L. G. Ball, and K. C. Cohoon. 2002a. Predicting distributions of tropical birds. Ibis 144:e27-e32.Peterson, A. T., L. G. Ball, and K. C. Cohoon. 2002a. Predicting distributions of tropical birds. Ibis 144:e27-e32. Peterson, A. T., and K. C. Cohoon Sensitivity of distributional prediction algorithms to geographic data completeness. Ecological Modelling 117: Peterson, A. T., and K. C. Cohoon Sensitivity of distributional prediction algorithms to geographic data completeness. Ecological Modelling 117: Peterson, A. T., S. L. Egbert, V. Sanchez-Cordero, and K. P. Price Geographic analysis of conservation priorities using distributional modelling and complementarity: Endemic birds and mammals in Veracruz, Mexico. Biological Conservation 93:85-94.Peterson, A. T., S. L. Egbert, V. Sanchez-Cordero, and K. P. Price Geographic analysis of conservation priorities using distributional modelling and complementarity: Endemic birds and mammals in Veracruz, Mexico. Biological Conservation 93: Peterson, A. T., M. A. Ortega-Huerta, J. Bartley, V. Sanchez-Cordero, J. Soberon, R. H. Buddemeier, and D. R. B. Stockwell. 2002b. Future projections for Mexican faunas under global climate change scenarios. NATURE 416: Peterson, A. T., M. A. Ortega-Huerta, J. Bartley, V. Sanchez-Cordero, J. Soberon, R. H. Buddemeier, and D. R. B. Stockwell. 2002b. Future projections for Mexican faunas under global climate change scenarios. NATURE 416: Peterson, A. T., V. Sanchez-Cordero, J. Soberon, J. Bartley, R. H. Buddemeier, and A. G. Navarro-Siguenza Effects of global climate change on geographic distributions of Mexican Cracidae. Ecological Modelling 144:21-30.Peterson, A. T., V. Sanchez-Cordero, J. Soberon, J. Bartley, R. H. Buddemeier, and A. G. Navarro-Siguenza Effects of global climate change on geographic distributions of Mexican Cracidae. Ecological Modelling 144: Peterson, A. T., R. Scachetti-Pereira, and W. W. Hargrove. Submitted. Potential distribution of Asian longhorned beetles (Anoplophora glabripennis) in North America. Journal of Economic Entomology.Peterson, A. T., R. Scachetti-Pereira, and W. W. Hargrove. Submitted. Potential distribution of Asian longhorned beetles (Anoplophora glabripennis) in North America. Journal of Economic Entomology. Peterson, A. T., J. Soberon, and V. Sanchez-Cordero Conservatism of ecological niches in evolutionary time. Science 285: Peterson, A. T., J. Soberon, and V. Sanchez-Cordero Conservatism of ecological niches in evolutionary time. Science 285: Peterson, A. T., D. R. B. Stockwell, and D. A. Kluza. 2002c. Distributional prediction based on ecological niche modeling of primary occurrence data. Pages in Predicting Species Occurrences: Issues of Scale and Accuracy. '('J. M. Scott, P. J. Heglund, and M. L. Morrison, Ed.)'.Island Press, Washington, D.C.Peterson, A. T., D. R. B. Stockwell, and D. A. Kluza. 2002c. Distributional prediction based on ecological niche modeling of primary occurrence data. Pages in Predicting Species Occurrences: Issues of Scale and Accuracy. '('J. M. Scott, P. J. Heglund, and M. L. Morrison, Ed.)'.Island Press, Washington, D.C. Peterson, A. T., and D. A. Vieglais Predicting species invasions using ecological niche modeling. BioScience 51: Peterson, A. T., and D. A. Vieglais Predicting species invasions using ecological niche modeling. BioScience 51: Stockwell, D. R. B., and A. T. Peterson. 2002a. Controlling bias in biodiversity data. Pages in Predicting Species Occurrences: Issues of Scale and Accuracy. '('J. M. Scott, P. J. Heglund, and M. L. Morrison, Ed.)'.Island Press, Washington, D.C.Stockwell, D. R. B., and A. T. Peterson. 2002a. Controlling bias in biodiversity data. Pages in Predicting Species Occurrences: Issues of Scale and Accuracy. '('J. M. Scott, P. J. Heglund, and M. L. Morrison, Ed.)'.Island Press, Washington, D.C. Stockwell, D. R. B., and A. T. Peterson. 2002b. Effects of sample size on accuracy of species distribution models. Ecological Modelling 148:1-13.Stockwell, D. R. B., and A. T. Peterson. 2002b. Effects of sample size on accuracy of species distribution models. Ecological Modelling 148:1-13.

Hydrilla verticillata

Ecological Niche Modeling Native range locality data Ecological data Specimen records TemperaturePrecipitation Solar radiation Snow cover Frost-free days

Rule set for prediction 0 r IF - Elev*0.26 r + Precip*0.19 r - Temp*0.10 r THEN Taxon=BACKGROUND 4 r IF + Elev*0.32 r - Precip*0.19 r - Temp*0.10 r THEN Taxon=PRESENT 1 r IF - Elev*0.02 r + Precip*0.28 r - Temp*0.30 r THEN Taxon=BACKGROUND 3 m IF Elev=[1482,3360]r AND Precip=[ 1, 4]r AND Temp=[ 2, 4]r THEN Taxon=PRESENT 6 d IF Elev=[1937,3241]r THEN Taxon=PRESENT 2 d IF Elev=[ 0,2727]r AND Precip=[ 4, 9]r THEN Taxon=BACKGROUND 5 d IF Elev=[1640,2866]r AND Precip=[ 1, 4]r AND Temp=[ 2, 5]r THEN Taxon=PRESENT

Native range locality data Ecological data GARP Distributional Distributional prediction prediction Invasive species projection Ecological Niche Modeling

Hydrilla verticillata

Hydrilla verticillata Potential Distribution as Percent of Watershed Area

Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora ramorum)

Section Lobatae Species Richness

Sudden Oak Death Native Range?

Native range locality data Ecological data GARP Distributional Distributional prediction prediction Invasive species projection Ecological Niche Modeling

Native range locality data Ecological data GARP Distributional Distributional prediction prediction Ecological Niche Modeling

Native range locality data Ecological data GARP Distributional Distributional prediction prediction Ecological Niche Modeling Changed climate projection projection

Hydrilla verticillata Potential Distribution

Hydrilla verticillata Potential Distribution, 2020 Hadley CM2 HSDX20 Model

Hydrilla verticillata Potential Distribution as Percent of Watershed Area

Hydrilla verticillata Potential Distribution as Percent of Watershed Area, 2020 Hadley CM2 HSDX20 Model

Invasive Species Risk Assessment Native range locality data EcologicalNicheModeling(GARP) Assess Risks Species by Species Policy!

Other Applications Model/predict spread of emerging diseasesModel/predict spread of emerging diseases Predict and avoid environmental impactsPredict and avoid environmental impacts Design agricultural systems to avoid pestsDesign agricultural systems to avoid pests Develop optimal conservation strategiesDevelop optimal conservation strategies Design species reintroduction programsDesign species reintroduction programs

James K. Andreasen Daniel A. Kluza