AP Review Terrestrial & Aquatic Ecosystems and Biodiversity

Food Webs Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Decomposers/ detrivores 10% rule (possible calculation question)

Indicator Species Keystone Species Foundation Species K-strategist R-strategist

A: Represents the biotic potential of the species B: Shows how the population overshoots the carrying capacity C: Represents the logistic growth D: Represents linear growth E: Carrying capacity- the maximum number of individuals that can be supported by a particular ecosystem.

Human Impacts on the Hydrologic Cycle Withdrawal ◦ Water cannot recharge at same rate (Ogallala Aquifer) ◦ Salinization (Aral Sea) Increased Flooding ◦ Urbanization “concrete jungle” Deforestation ◦ More runoff

Cycles Carbon Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorus Which does not have an atmospheric component to it’s cycle?

Carbon Cycle

Human Impacts on the Carbon Cycle Increase of CO2 into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels Clear cutting

Nitrogen Cycle

Human Impacts on the Nitrogen Cycle Agriculture ◦ Increased Nitrogen from fertilizers ◦ Increased Nitrogen from animal waste ◦ Air Pollution  NO2

Sulfur Cycle

Human Impacts on the Sulfur cycle Mining!!!

Phosphorus Cycle

Human Impacts on the Phosphorus Cycle Remove Phosphorus from the Earth (fertilizer production) Add Phosphorus to the water (fertilizer runoff) Reduce tropical forest phosphorus by clear cutting

Biodiversity Types of Biodiversity ◦ Genetic Diversity ◦ Species Diversity Natural selection Adaptations Evolution

Extinction Mass Extinctions causes ◦ Climate change ◦ Major events such as volcanoes or asteroids ◦ Humans!!

Steps to Extinction Rare Threatened Endangered Extinct (local, ecological & global)

Ways that Humans contribute to extinctions Habitat Destruction Invasive Species Pollution Population Overharvesting Climate Change

Invasive Species Zebra Mussels Cane Toads

Biomes Tropical Rainforest Decidious Forest Coniferous Forest Taiga (Boreal) Forest Savannah Tundra Desert

Chaparral (temperate grassland) These are coastal areas. Winters are mild & wet, w/ summers being long, hot, & dry.

Chaparral Chaparral has a moderate climate but its dense thickets of spiny shrubs are subject to periodic fires. Figure 5-18

Lentic zones

Loetic Zones

Aquifers

Human Impacts on Aquifers Withdrawing too much water – doesn’t allow adequate recharge Building cities over recharge areas

Fig a, p. 317 Provides water for year-round irrigation of cropland Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people Large losses of water through evaporation Provides water for drinking Downstream cropland and estuaries are deprived of nutrient-rich silt Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing Risk of failure and devastating downstream flooding Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower) Downstream flooding is reduced Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted

The Colorado River So many diversions, water often does not reach the ocean

Wetlands Swamps, marshes, peat bogs, prairie potholes Filter and degrade pollutants. Filter and degrade pollutants. Reduce flooding and erosion by absorbing slowly releasing overflows. Reduce flooding and erosion by absorbing slowly releasing overflows. Help replenish stream flows during dry periods. Help replenish stream flows during dry periods. Help recharge ground aquifers. Help recharge ground aquifers. Provide economic resources and recreation. Provide economic resources and recreation.

Tragedy of the Commons Over-use of public lands Often seen with fishing, but can apply to grazing, hunting and other public uses of land This is a HUGE concept on the test ◦ Many previous multiple choices ◦ A few FRQs have been on this

Measurements of Biodiversity Species Diversity Species Evenness Species Richness Higher species diversity leads to higher sustainability of an ecosystem

Laws Endangered Species Act