Taxonomy and Classification

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Presentation transcript:

Taxonomy and Classification

Taxonomy – What is it? Branch of biology dealing with the identification, naming and classification of organisms

Questions What does it mean to classify things? What types of things are classified? Why do scientists classify organisms?

Why Use Taxonomy? Categorizes organisms to: show ancestor-descendent relationships show “relatedness” & similarity

Cladogram

Cladogram – Shows: a.) relatedness of species b.) evolutionary history

Why scientific names? Q. What is the largest wild feline (cat) in the US? Mountain Lion Cougar Panther Puma Catamount

All of the above Puma concolor

Why scientific names? (cont) Common names vary by region Scientists need to be clear when referring to living things

Organization of Living Things Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Mnemonic Device “Dear King Philip Crossed Oceans For Good Sushi” Or “Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti”

Classification Kingdom (Animalia) Phylum (Chordata) Class (Mammalia) Order (Primates) Family (Hominidae) Genus (Homo) Species (sapiens)

Before: Aristotle: Greek philosopher (394-322 B.C.) classified organisms as either plants or animals.

Carolus Linnaeus Swedish naturalist (1707-1778) Broadened Aristotle’s Classification System - known as the Binomial Nomenclature & it is still valid today!

Naming Organisms Binomial Nomenclature: 2 part naming system Ex: Homo sapiens Scientific name for humans

Binomial Nomenclature: First word = Genus name and must be Capitalized Second Word = species name and must be lower-case Both are underlined or written in italicized.

DICHOTOMOUS KEY Tool used to identify things based on characteristics

Domain: The broadest category used by most biologists.

3 Domains Domain Bacteria-members are prokaryotes whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan.

Domain Bacteria Some are: Aerobic: need oxygen Anaerobic: die in presence of oxygen Autotrophic: produce own food Heterotrophic: get nutrition from other organisms

Shapes: Cocci – circular shaped Bacillus – rod shaped Spirilla – like a cork screw

More bacteria in your body than there are people in the world! AND Good bacteria is called normal flora!

Domain Archaea: Domain Archaea-prokaryotes but more ancient “extremophiles” can live in extreme conditions.

Domain Archaea Found in: Boiling hot springs Salty lakes Thermal vents Mud of marches (lack oxygen)

Domain Eukarya: 3. Domain Eukarya- members include organisms from Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, & Kingdom Animalia.

Domain Eukarya: Cells are eukaryotic: Contain a nucleus Membrane-bound organelles Can be unicellular or multicellular.

Taxonomic Systems Used to be a 5 Kingdom System Now there is a 6 Kingdom System

5 Kingdom System: OLD system

6 Kingdom System

What’s In Each Kingdom? Archaebacteria Unicellular (one cell) Prokaryotic (no nucleus) Live in extreme conditions

Archaebacteria Hot spring pool

Kingdoms (cont.) Eubacteria Unicellular Prokaryotic Common bacteria Major Decomposers

Classified: Eubacteria are classified by: Shape Need for oxygen Whether or not they cause disease

Eubacteria Yersinia pestis (plague) Life on a kitchen sponge

Kingdoms (cont.) Protist Unicellular & multicellular Eukaryotic (have a nucleus) Biological “junk-drawer” Not an animal, plant or fungus (lack 1 or more traits)

Kingdoms (cont.) Categorized by how they get their food: Heterotrophs Autotrophs Detritivores

Protista Volvox Campanella Spyrogyra Amoeba

Protists: Can be microscopic or very large. Can reproduce asexually or both sexually and asexually.

Kingdoms (cont.) Fungi Multicelluar & Eukaryotic Live in decaying organisms or soil (detritivores) Absorb nutrients from other organisms Mushrooms, single-celled Yeast & Molds

Fungi “Budding” yeast

Kingdoms (cont.) Plant Multicellular & Eukaryotic Autotrophic (make own food, photosynthesis) Aquatic & Terrestrial Cell wall contains cellulose Can reproduce sexually or asexually

Plantae

Kingdoms (cont.) Animal Multicellular & Eukaryotic Heterotrophic (can’t make own food) Aquatic & Terrestrial Most motile at some point in life cycle

Kingdoms (cont.) Cells are supported by collagen –protein unique to animals. All reproduce sexually.

Animalia