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(c) Data set (presence and absence of SINEs): 1  SINE present 0  SINE absent ?  still undetermined Whales and hippos share four unique SINEs (4, 5, 6, and 7) Cow Deer Whale Hippo Pig Peccary Camel Locus Figure 28.4 (a) Traditional Hypothesis: Whales diverged before the origin of artiodactyls. (b) Alternative Hypothesis: Whales and hippos share a common ancestor. Cow Deer Whale Hippo Pig Peccary Camel Astragalus (ankle bone) Loss of pulley- shaped astragalus Gain of pulley- shaped astragalus Perissodactyls (horses and rhinos) ARTIODACTYLS

4th Ed. Fig Pg 601 This is the tree-of-life cladogram used by your textbook It varies in some minor ways, mostly additions. It shows “uncertainty” as a multifurcation (polytomy).

As shown, the protists together are a(n)... A.Clade (are monophyletic). B.Grade (are paraphyletic). C.Unnatural Taxon (are polyphyletic).

Is it easier to evolve a new characteristic or to lose an evolved characteristic?. A.Easier to gain a feature. B.Easier to lose a feature.