Agenda Bell ringer Review Southeast Asia Networks of Communication and Exchange Closure Map

Review How did key geographic features of Southeast Asia affect its development? How did Hinduism and Buddhism influence Southeast Asia? How did rulers incorporate Indian knowledge and personnel to enhance power? How did Funan rise as an economic power?

Unit 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (600 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: NETWORKS OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE (300 BCE-600 CE)

Objectives Describe how the Parthian kingdom helped foster the Silk Road. Describe the significance of Zhang Jian. Evaluate the role of Central Asian nomads in assisting movement on the Silk Road. Identify the characteristics of the Sasanid Empire. Describe how the Silk Road affected religion. Evaluate the impact of the Silk Road on technology.

Essential Questions How did the Parthian kingdom help foster the Silk Road? What is the significance of Zhang Jian? What was the role of Central Asian nomads in assisting movement on the Silk Road? What were the characteristics of the Sasanid Empire? How did the Silk Road affect religion? How did the Silk Road impact technology?

Target: The Silk Road Trade route linking the Mediterranean with China via Mesopotamia, Iran, and Central Asia Origins and operations – Seleucid kings, Parthian kingdom – Steppe nomads controlled travel, provided pack animals – Chinese wanted western products

Spread of Religion Sasanid Empire placed increased emphasis on Silk Road – Local aristocracy – Central control – Zoroastrianism state religion – Christianity in the Byzantine Empire also practiced intolerance

Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Buddhism spread by missionaries and travelers along the Silk Road

Impact of the Silk Road on Technology Military technology (chariot warfare, mounted bowmen) spread from the steppe to the east and west Stirrup from the Kushan in northern Afghanistan – Armored knights in Europe, Tang cavalry in China.

Essential Questions How did the Parthian kingdom help foster the Silk Road? What is the significance of Zhang Jian? What was the role of Central Asian nomads in assisting movement on the Silk Road? What were the characteristics of the Sasanid Empire? How did the Silk Road affect religion? How did the Silk Road impact technology?

Map 7.1 Plot: – Silk Road – Rome – Indian Ocean maritime system – Malay Peninsula – India – Yellow River Shade: – Roman Empire – Han Dynasty China – Kushan Empire – Region of Mongols – Region of Turkic nomads

Agenda Bell ringer Finish map Review Silk Road Indian Ocean Maritime system Closure

Review How did the Parthian kingdom help foster the Silk Road? What is the significance of Zhang Jian? What was the role of Central Asian nomads in assisting movement on the Silk Road? What were the characteristics of the Sasanid Empire? How did the Silk Road affect religion? How did the Silk Road impact technology?

Unit 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (600 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: NETWORKS OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE (300 BCE-600 CE)

Objectives Identify that the Indian Ocean Maritime System grew from voyages of diverse seafaring traders. Assess the differences between Mediterranean and Indian Ocean traders. Describe the origins of the Indian Ocean Maritime System. Evaluate the impact of Indian Ocean trade.

Essential Questions How did the Indian Ocean Maritime System grow? What were the differences between Mediterranean and Indian Ocean traders? What were the origins of the Indian Ocean Maritime System? What was the impact of Indian Ocean trade?

Target: The Indian Ocean Maritime System Three distinct regions – South China Sea (Chinese and Malays) – East coast of India to islands of Southeast Asia (Indians and Malays) – West coast of India to Persian Gulf and east coast of Africa (Persians and Arabs)

Mediterranean sailors – square sails, long banks of oars, kept land in sight Indian Ocean sailors – triangular lateen sails, no oars, long times at sea due to monsoon winds Technological differences meant different development of trade – Phoenicians and Greeks established colonies that maintained contact with home cities. – Indian Ocean traders seldom retained political ties with homelands, colonies kept local political ties.

Origins of Contact and Trade By 2000 BCE, trade between Mesopotamia, Persian Gulf islands, Oman, Indus Valley – Broke off, later records mention East Africa more than India CE, people from one of the Indonesian islands of SE Asia migrated to Madagascar – Must have touched coasts of India and southern Arabia

Demand for products from coastal lands inspired mariners to continue long ocean voyages Mostly likely much lower volume of trade than in the Mediterranean because of long distances and fewer islands.

Port culture often isolated from outlying areas, particularly in the west – Most societies did not become primarily maritime in orientation

Easier to access inland population in eastern India, the Malay Peninsula, and Indonesia – More hospitable, more densely populated shores

Social impact – Sailors and merchants often married local women in port cities Bilingual and bicultural families Children raised to be cosmopolitan, women introduced men to their customs and attitudes Mixed heritages and rich cultural diversity

Essential Questions How did the Indian Ocean Maritime System grow? What were the differences between Mediterranean and Indian Ocean traders? What were the origins of the Indian Ocean Maritime System? What was the impact of Indian Ocean trade?

Agenda Bell ringer Review Indian Ocean Africa (Sahara and sub-Sahara) Closure Begin textbook work

Review How did the Indian Ocean Maritime System grow? What were the differences between Mediterranean and Indian Ocean traders? What were the origins of the Indian Ocean Maritime System? What was the impact of Indian Ocean trade?

Unit 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (600 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: NETWORKS OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE (300 BCE-600 CE)

Objectives Identify the characteristics of early Saharan cultures and how these cultures developed. Evaluate the influence of the environment on sub-Saharan Africa. Describe cultural elements of sub-Saharan Africa. Assess the significance of the Bantu migrations.

Essential Questions What were the characteristics of early Saharan cultures and how did these cultures develop? How did the environment influence sub- Saharan Africa? What were the cultural elements of sub- Saharan Africa? What was the significance of the Bantu migrations?

Target: Routes Across the Sahara Sahara Desert isolates sub-Saharan Africa from the Mediterranean world Current dryness dates back to 2500 BCE By 300 BCE, scarcity of water restricted travel to a few routes initially only known to desert nomads. – Trade gradually expanded

Early Saharan Cultures Dunes, sandy plains, exposed rock Mountain and highland areas separate northern and southern portions Cliffs and caves of highlands preserve rock paintings and engravings – Earliest images of now extinct animals in the region – New societies based on cattle breeding joined. – Horse herders succeeded cattle herders.

More likely, growth of trans-Saharan trade was related to camel domestication. Rock art supports this. – Probably came from Arabia.

p. 218

p. 220

Trade Across the Sahara Southern and northern trading systems slowly linked – Southern traders concentrated on supplying salt to sub-Saharan Africa – Traders from the equatorial forest zone brought forest products – North – Roman colonists supplied Italy with agricultural products, changed with decline of Roman Empire

Map 8-2, p. 219

Target: Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa had few external contacts. Most important African network of cultural exchange (300 BCE-1100 CE) arose here

Challenging Geography Features hinder access to and movement within Sahara, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Red Sea were boundaries Major rivers (Senegal, Niger, Zaire) difficult to navigate Different environments. North-south travel difficult. East-west travel sometimes easy

Development of Cultural Unity By 1 CE, sub-Saharan Africa was a distinct cultural region 2000 languages, various food production systems Large area, lower population density – societies formed differently Foreigners could not navigate through natural barriers

African Cultural Characteristics Broad commonalities in sub-Saharan region – Agriculture – hoe and digging stick – Music – drums, rhythm, social rituals, dancing, masks – Kingship – isolation, fixed social categories (not hierarchical) Some historians hypothesize that these commonalities emanated from the peoples who once occupied the southern Sahara (Ice Age migration) Dryness pushed people east, west, and south

Advent of Iron and the Bantu Migrations Agriculture common between the equator and Sahara by early 2 nd millennium BCE – Spread south, banana trees made their way north and west Copper mining in the Sahara from early first millennium BCE, Niger Valley later, Central African copper belt after 400 CE Iron smelting in northern sub-Saharan Africa in early first millennium CE, spread southward – Many historians believed only discovered by Hittites around 1500 BCE = doesn’t explain how it reached sub- Saharan Africa. Mostly likely discovered themselves.

Linguistic analysis provides strongest evidence of extensive contacts among sub-Saharan Africans in first millennium CE Original Bantu speakers fished, used canoes, nets, lines, and hooks, lived in permanent villages on edge of the rain forest, grew yams, grain, domesticated goats, dogs, made pottery, cloth. – Homeland most likely near modern boundary of Nigeria and Cameroon. Near sites of early iron smelting – migration seems likely cause for southward spread of iron. Probably used iron axes and hoes to clear forests and plant crops. 500 BCE-1000 CE Bantu traditions and practices spread south, east, and west.

Essential Questions What were the characteristics of early Saharan cultures and how did these cultures develop? How did the environment influence sub- Saharan Africa? What were the cultural elements of sub- Saharan Africa? What was the significance of the Bantu migrations?

Agenda Bell ringer Review Africa Spread of Ideas Closure Reading

Review What were the characteristics of early Saharan cultures and how did these cultures develop? How did the environment influence sub- Saharan Africa? What were the cultural elements of sub- Saharan Africa? What was the significance of the Bantu migrations?

Unit 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (600 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: NETWORKS OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE (300 BCE-600 CE)

Objectives Evaluate the role of material evidence in conclusions about the spread of ideas. Describe what evidence shows about the spread of Buddhism and Christianity.

Essential Questions What is the role of material evidence in conclusions about the spread of ideas? What does evidence show about the spread of Buddhism and Christianity?

Target: The Spread of Ideas Historians know about some ideas through writing, others through objects – Ex. domestic pigs, coinage

The Spread of Buddhism Ashoka promoted between 3 rd century BCE and 2 nd century CE Monks, missionaries, and pilgrims brought to Southeast Asia, China, Korea, Japan via India, the Silk Road, and Indian Ocean Theravada Buddhism centered in Sri Lanka, goal is nirvana. Mahayana Buddhism stresses goal of becoming bodhisattva

Spread of Christianity Armenia battleground between Iranian and Mediterranean states – Parthian times, kings favored Zoroastrianism – Invention of an Armenian alphabet in the early fifth century helped spread Christianity – Within a century, the Armenian Apostolic Church had become the center of Armenian cultural life Christian emperors in Constantinople sent missionaries along the Red Sea trade route to Yemen and Ethiopia, then to Nubia

Essential Questions What is the role of material evidence in conclusions about the spread of ideas? What does evidence show about the spread of Buddhism and Christianity?

Camel Saddles p. 214 What are the advantages and disadvantages of the south Arabian camel saddle? How did the north Arabian saddle improve on the south Arabian saddle? Where did the most efficient riding saddles come from?