Presentation created by Danielle Sherdan BOT3015L Fungi Presentation created by Danielle Sherdan All photos from Raven et al. Biology of Plants except when otherwise noted

Tree of Life Plants (embryophytes) Animals Endosymbiosis Angiosperms Gymnosperms, seedless, and non-vascular Animals Endosymbiosis Molecular evidence that both animals and fungi diverged from a common ancestor, likely a colonial protist Choanoflagellate, colonial protist Fungi (today) Protists www.tolweb.org

Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

Fungi are important Cooking and baking Beer and wine production Cheese production Antibiotics Toxic waste cleanup Antibiotic production (cyclosporin, penicillin) Medical benefits (anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory) Parasites and diseases in animals (ringworm, aflatoxins) Parasites and diseases in plants (powdery mildew, smuts, rot) Decomposition and nutrient cycling Mycorrhizal associations

Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

Fungus Theme Slide BOT 3015 Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Zygomycetes Notice that, based on molecular data, fungi are more closely related to animals than plants Zygomycetes From Outlaw lecture

Classification using sexual reproduction (more later) * Formation of spores within zygosporangium. * No cross walls between cells. Zygomycete Basidiomycete Ascomycete Similar Formation of spores in ascus. Formation of spores on basidium. Modified from Outlaw lecture

Some important characteristics of fungi Eukaryotes Cell walls of chitin (not found in plants, found in animals) Heterotrophic absorption Secretion of digestive enzymes Active transport

Absorption is the Fungal Mode of Nutrition Fungi secrete enzymes (red symbol), which break complex molecules into smaller building blocks, such as simple sugars and amino acids (yellow symbols). The simple molecules are absorbed by the fungus. MEMBRANE INSIDE OUTSIDE Secondary active transport Nutrients dilute relative to inside Thanks to Robert Hebert for assistance in the preparation of this slide. Modified from Outlaw lecture

Some important characteristics of fungi Eukaryotes Cell walls of chitin (not found in plants, found in animals) Heterotrophic absorption Secretion of digestive enzymes Active transport Filamentous hyphae (some unicellular forms)

Filamentous hyphae Mycelium - mass of hyphae Growth occurs at tips of hyphae Some have partitions called septa May be specialized e.g. rhizoids anchor to substrate and haustoria absorb from living cells Rhizopus (zygomycete) on strawberries

Some important characteristics of fungi Eukaryotes Cell walls of chitin (not found in plants, found in animals) Heterotrophic absorption Secretion of digestive enzymes Active transport Filamentous hyphae (some unicellular forms) Spores produced sexually and asexually Sexual reproduction by zygotic meiosis

Characteristics of phyla of fungi Phylum Type of sexual spores Representatives Common plant diseases Zygomycota Zygospore in zygosporangium Bread mold, endomycorrhizal fungi Soft rot Ascomycota Ascospore in ascus as part of ascocarp Powdery mildews, morels, truffles Powdery mildew, chestnut blight, Dutch elm disease Basidiomycota Basidiospore in basidium as part of basidiocarp Mushrooms, stinkhorns, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts Black stem rust of cereals, corn smut, root rot

Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

Zygomycete life cycle Modified from Outlaw lecture Zygospore, distinguishing characteristic, is only diploid cell

Example of the asexual sporangiophore Pilobolus (zygomycete)

Zygospores of Rhizopus nigricans Gametangia Zygospores Thanks to Robert Hebert and Kim Riddle for this image.

Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

Ascomycete life cycle Distinguishing characteristics Karyogamy Conidia of Nomuraea Plasmogamy Karyogamy

Asci lining the fruiting body of Peziza Ascospores Modified from Outlaw lecture

Appearance of prototypical ascomycete From Outlaw lecture

Xylaria sp. From Outlaw lecture

Common edible morel, Morchella esculenta (ascomycete)

Truffles World’s most expensive truffle White Alba Almost 3 pounds $112, 000 Photo from Wikipedia Black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) ascocarp (pictured) found beneath the soil surface

Botryosphaeria dothidea on Adina apple Thanks to Robert Hebert and Kim Riddle for this image. From Outlaw lecture

Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

Basidiomycete life cycle From Outlaw lecture

Basidia and basidiospores ~50µm ~200µm ~100µm Cross section of basidiocarp showing gills Coprinus (basidiomycete) with vital stain

Basidia of Coprinus pileus From Outlaw lecture

Basidia and basidiospores Basidia at time of basidospore release ~25µm 4 basidiospores atop a single basidium ~10µm SEM inky cap mushroom, Coprinus cinereus (basidiomycete)

Polypore example Polyporus arcularius

Shelf fungus example Ganoderma applanatum

Puffball Calostoma cinnabarina

Netted stinkhorn Dictyophora duplicata

White-egg bird’s-nest Crucibulum laeve

Earthstar Geastrum saccatum

Corn smut Ustilago maydis

For a local collection go to Outlaw’s collection in the lecture series

Present in ascomycetes, zygomycetes, and basidiosmycetes The yeast growth form Present in ascomycetes, zygomycetes, and basidiosmycetes Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ascomycete) Filamentous form Single-cell form ~25µm ~2.5µm Budding, a form of asexual reproduction