Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther in 1520 after Luther refused to recant his statements – Realized that Luther had become a threat Holy Roman Emperor declared him an outlaw

Luther’s ideas led to a split in the Church – Protestants People who supported Luther’s protests

Supported Martin Luther’s reform Believed in Predestination – God has already determined who will go to heaven before birth Nothing people can do can change this – Chosen people were the “elected”

Ideas spread through Europe – Germany, Holland, France, England, and Scotland Calvin setup a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland – A government based on religious teachings

People who followed Calvin's teachings Believed people were sinners and need strict rules to regulate behavior – Church attendance was mandatory – Dancing, singing, feasting, wearing jewelry were forbidden

Became King of England in 1509 Was a Catholic who spoke out against Luther – Pope gave him title “Defender of the Faith” Married Catherine of Aragon – Had a daughter Mary Wanted a male heir

Henry asks the pope to annul his marriage – Declare it invalid and allow him to remarry Pope refuses to grant Henry’s request

Henry VIII asks Parliament to end the Pope’s authority in England Parliament made Henry the head of the Church of England and granted his divorce – Married Anne Boleyn – 2 nd of six marriages

Act of Supremacy required subjects to swear oath that Henry VIII was the Supreme head of the Church – Anglican church (Church of England) England became a Protestant country

One way in which Martin Luther’s Ninety-five Theses and Henry VIII’s Act of Supremacy are similar is that both (1) emphasize the importance of the Bible (2) caused the Thirty Years War (3) challenge the authority of the Catholic Church (4) helped to unify Christendom

Which situation was a direct challenge to the political and religious authority of the Catholic Church? (1) passage of the Act of Supremacy under Henry VIII (2) death sentence given to Joan of Arc (3) Reconquista of Spain conducted by Ferdinand and Isabella (4) establishment of the Jesuit order under Ignatius Loyola

What is predestination? What event led to the Protestant Reformation in England? Who was the head of the Church of England?

European Religions Today

Sometimes known as the Catholic Reformation Developed as an attempt to keep Catholics from becoming Protestants Instituted reforms to the Church

Meeting of Church officials to guide Church reforms – Met on and off for twenty years

Reforms – Church interpretation of the Bible was final Any Christian who substituted their own view was a heretic – Faith and good works only way to get to heaven – Stopped sale of indulgences – Created the Index of Forbidden Books Banned and burned books that were offensive included Protestant Bibles

Formed the Jesuit order – Emphasis on spiritual and moral discipline – Strict obedience to Church authority Focused on education and missionaries as way to stop spread of Protestant faith – Established schools – Sent missionaries to Africa, Asia, Americas Spanish soldier who dedicated his life to Jesus after being wounded in battle

The Church established a court to fight Protestantism and find religious heretics – Beliefs that differed from official church teachings

Tried people accused of being Protestants, witches, & breaking Church laws – Used torture and execution

Spanish Inquisition 1478 – Spanish monarchs wanted Spain to be a Catholic country only Tried Jews, Muslims, and Protestants as heretics

What was the purpose of the Council of Trent? What was the purpose of the inquisition?