The High Tide of Imperialism 20

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Colonial Southeast Asia, c. 1850

The Spread of Colonial Rule  Africa and Asia a source of raw materials and markets for European manufactured goods  Motives for expansion:  Economic  National grandeur  Moral purposes  No longer happy to deal with independent states; maintaining access important  Competition for control over territories  “Opportunity in the Orient”: Colonial Takeover in Southeast Asia  Malay Peninsula  Singapore  Burma  Vietnam  Philippines

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Africa Before World War I

Empire Building in Africa  The Growing European Presence in West Africa  Slave trade Abolished by all major countries in the world by 1880s  “Legitimate trade”  More permanent presence Gold Coast and Sierra Leone Liberia  New class of Africans  “Informal Empire”  Imperialist Shadow over the Nile  Napoleon  Muhammad Ali  Suez Canal,  Sudan  Algiers  Arab Merchants and European Missionaries in East Africa  Bantus, Boers, and British in South Africa

The Scramble for Africa  European rivalries  Trade  Missionary factor  Superiority in firearms  Belgium’s claim on the Congo  Conference of Berlin, 1884  Britain and France at Fashoda; France backs down  Cape Colony  Boer War,

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Struggle for South Africa

The Colonial System  Resistance from societies with long traditions of national cohesion  Direct and indirect rule  Philosophy of colonialism  Darwinism Survival of the fittest  Agent of civilization Bring the benefits of the West Assimilation/association

Colonialism in Action  India Under the British Raj  Some territories taken over directly by the East India Company and later the British crown Others ruled by local maharajas and rajas  Order and stability  Attention to education Thomas Babington Macaulay  Outlaw sati  Introduced railroads, the telegraph, and postal service  British textiles put out of work those in the Indian textile industry  Zamindar system  Failed to bring benefits of modern science and technology  Psychological effects

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. India Under British Rule,

Gateway to India?

The Company Resident and His Puppet

Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia  Primary aim was economic  Indirect rule  Burma  Malaya  Indochina  Slow to create democratic institutions  Slow to adopt educational reforms  Reluctant to take up “white man’s burden”  Slow economic development  Some manufacturing in urban areas  Problems with growth of cash crops  Problems of population growth  “Modernizing elite”

Colonialism in Africa  British attitude was to preserve African political traditions  Advantages of indirect rule  East Africa  White settlers  Southern Africa  Independent Union of South Africa Representative government  France used direct rule  Assimilation of Africans into French culture  Moral and social responsibility  Racial consciousness

The Emergence of Anti- Colonialism  Nationalism  Imperialism brought a consciousness of modern nationhood  Introduction of western ideas of citizenship and representative government  New elite  Traditional Resistance: A Precursor to Nationalism  Led by existing ruling class  Resistance in India  Peasant revolts  Religious resentment India -- Sepoy Rebellion

Discussion Questions  What sparked the Scramble for Africa? What did Europeans hope to gain from the colonization of Africa?  What benefits to Indians resulted from British rule of India? What costs balanced those benefits?  Compare and contrast the British and French approach to colonialism.  How did subject peoples respond to colonialism? How did their response change over time?