CHINA Public Policy

Democractic movements “Fang-shou” Economic reform Democractic movements Tightening –up by CCP

How Fang-shou works Four modernizations Democracy Wall movement De-legalization of protest 2nd Revolution Student democracy protest Anti-bourgeois Liberalization Tiananmen Democracy Demonstration Tiananmen “massacre” Falon Gong demonstrations Outlaw of Falon Gong

DEMOCRACY & HUMAN RIGHTS FOREIGN POLICY & INTERNATIONAL TRADE Types of policy issues DEMOCRACY & HUMAN RIGHTS ECONOMY FOREIGN POLICY & INTERNATIONAL TRADE

DEMOCRACY & HUMAN RIGHTS

Democracy and Human Rights Following in Deng’s footsteps Jiang Zemin, president 1993-2003 Hu Jintao, pres. since 2003 Recent reforms Some input from NPC More emphasis on law and legal procedures Semi-competitive village elections

Tiananmen Crisis Demonstration in honor of death of Hu Yaobang, liberal Turned into general protest all over China Anti-corruption, pro-reform Deng sent PLA, who shot into crowd Fatalities 700 to several thousand? RESULTING PRESSURE WORLWIDE – HUMAN RIGHTS

Rule of Law Law traditionally seen as bourgeoisie tool for suppression – NOT LEGITIMATE Instead, RULE of PARTY CCP Development of criminal law since 1978 Very harsh punishments 1982 Constitution Authority of law

Civil Rights & Liberties Much debated Hu Yaobang reversed SARS coverup – more transparency Still arrests of dissidents, strong internet regulations

ECONOMIC POLICY

From Mao to Deng Under Mao Since Deng Command economy based on DEMOCRATIC CENTRALISM The “iron rice bowl” failed Since Deng Socialist market economy Infusion of capitalism with state control

Agricultural Policy People’s communes Household responsibility system Early policy Collective farms people’s communes (thousands of families) Little improvement Household responsibility system Replacement Individual families responsible After taxes and fees, can consume or sell

Private Business As of 1988 Includes urban co-ops, service orgs, rural industries Still regulated More profitable than state enterprises TVEs Township & village enterprises Rural factories, businesses, run by local gov’ts or individuals Backbone of rural development

Economic issues today Unemployment, inequality Floating population of rural workers to cities Inefficiency of state enterprises, corruption Pollution Acid rain, largest producer of “greenhouse gasses” Product safety Toxic materials in toys, bogus pet food, faulty tires, unhealthy shellfish

FOREIGN POLICY & TRADE

Under Mao Providing support for third-world communist revolutions Development aid (Korea, Vietnam) Change in relations with USSR From assistance to rivalry Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution focused on the “Chinese way”

U.S./Chinese relations Under Mao, very weak and suspicious 1972 Nixon’s visit Deng’s Open Door Policy Today, U.S. imports more products than it exports ….. TRADE IMBALANCE U.S. wants China to devalue its currency and stop illegal trade

International Trade & Business SEZs – Special Economic Zones Foreign investors given special tax rates in certain regions of China (urban) Member of WTO, favored U.S. trade partner, in control of Hong Kong since 1997 Reform under Deng Still cautious (fang-shou) Patron-client system (guanxi) with entrepreneurs

Hong Kong “one country, two systems” 2003 incident Since 1997, handed over from British Capitalist, existing laws & civil liberties and way of life 2003 incident Tung Chee-hwa sells gov’t-owned public housing without permission Results in demonstrations for more representation, elected governor

Taiwan Chang Kai-shek’s refuge in communist revolution 1949 Until 1970s, recognized as representative for China 1979, PRC officially recognized Taiwan as part of China Insists historical and political sovereignty over Taiwan Largest trade partner is still China

Current Policy Issues One China Policy One Child Policy Taiwan/independence, US arms sales One Child Policy Until 2015, females neglected, aborted Energy conservation 5 Yr. Plan, more investment, rejection by local gov’ts? Nuclear energy? Alternative energy Lowering economic growth goals Raise incomes, private businesses, decrease inflation Internet policy – 220 mil. bloggers