1820 – 1850: Antebellum America 1. Market Revolution 2 1820 – 1850: Antebellum America 1. Market Revolution 2. Foreign Policy: Manifest Destiny 3. Andrew Jackson and Era of the Common Man: Slavery and Abolition 4. Sectionalism

Market Revolution Period of growth and transformation in the American economy (first industrial revolution) The South and the Cotton Kingdom 1793 – Eli Whitney – The Cotton Gin 1 lbs. to 1000 lbs. per day 1792 – 6000 Bales, 1801 – 100,000 Bales, 1840 – 2 mil Bales, 1860 – 5 mil Bales Demand for Land Deep South/Cotton Kingdom Plantation Society Slavery –1820 - 1.5 Mil -1850 - 3.6 Mil -1860 - 4 Mil

Market Revolution The North and Industry 1791 – Samuel Slater – Textile Mill -1820 – 240 Mills in New England Factory System and Coal Power, Interchangeable Parts – Eli Whitney Labor: Lowell System: Women, Immigration: Irish and German, Nativism and Know Nothings Urbanization - Tenements

Market Revolution The Northwest: The Bread Basket Mechanical Reaper, Thresher, and Steel Plow: Wheat and Corn Northwest Industry – Food processing and farm equipment – Detroit, Chicago, St. Louis, Milwaukee Advances in Transportation Steamboat – 1807 – Clermont – Fulton and Livingston Canal Era (1820-1850) – Erie Canal – 1825 1850 – 3000 miles of canals Railroad – Baltimore and Ohio Railroad – 1830 1850 – 9000 miles of tracks New Methods of Transportation all served to connect the Northwest and the Northeast

Foreign Policy: Manifest Destiny James Polk: 1840s – Manifest Destiny - Belief that it was God’s will to have Americans spread across the Continent Texas – War for Independence – Annexation -1845 Oregon – Treaty with British – 49th Parallel -1846 Mexican War and Cession – 1848 In 1850, California became the 31st State in the Union and Americans had spread themselves across the entire North American Continent

Reasons for Westward Expansion Manifest Destiny Population Increase – 1780 – 2.5 million; 1830 – 12 million; 1850 - 23 million Availability of Transportation - Steamboat, Canals, and Railroads Availability of Land and Money: Desire for farmland (Cotton), California Gold Rush-1849 Persecution: Mormons Indian Removal Act: Andrew Jackson v. Cherokee Indians, Worcester V. Georgia, Trail of Tears, 116 Days, ¼ Died en route to Oklahoma

Andrew Jackson and the Era of the Common Man Increase in Democracy New voting requirements – no property ownership – 1820 – 24%; 1840 – 80% Spoils System Nominating Conventions and Electoral College Reform Movements Temperance Education – Individual Worth Horace Mann and Massachusetts Public Schools and Literacy Rates Republican Motherhood Women’s Rights Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 – “Declarations of Sentiments and Resolutions”

Slavery and Abolition Increase in Slavery: Abolition of Slave Trade- 1808, Natural Increase, Cotton Kingdom: 1820- 1.5 Mil, 1860 – 4 Mil Changes in Slavery in the South Plantation System and Deep South Task System vs. Gang System - Overseer and Driver Slave Codes Peculiar Institution – Cared for and Christianized Responses to Changes: Slave Culture – Language, Religion, Music Rebel – Slowdown, Theft, Destruction Nat Turner’s Rebellion – 1831 - 57 Whites and 200 Blacks killed (20 were hanged) Escape - Underground Railroad and Harriet Tubman – (40,000 – 100,000 escaped)

Abolitionist Movement Political movement to outlaw slavery William Lloyd Garrison: The Liberator; American Antislavery Society Frederick Douglass: The North Star, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro" Sojourner Truth - The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave David Walker – Appeal American Colonization Society Free- Soilers – opposed expansion of slavery Southern Response= Peculiar Institution, Christianize and Civilize, Treat better than industrial workers in North, All of society benefits, Protected by Constitution (5th and 10th Amendments)

Sectionalism Urbanized and Industrialized The North The South Urbanized and Industrialized 70% RR, Telegraph wires and 2 ½ times the populations $1.6 billion in goods Supports Tariffs Opposes Ext. of Slavery Supports Internal Improvements Supports Federal Power Agrarian Little means of transportation and communication $155 million in goods Opposes Tariffs Supports Slavery Opposes Internal Improvements Supports States’ Rights

Sectional Conflicts South Carolina Nullification Missouri Compromise Tariff of Abominations – SC votes to nullify Andrew Jackson and Force Act State Power v. Federal Power Missouri Compromise Balance of Power: 11:11 Missouri and Maine 36’30’ line across rest of Louisiana Purchase

Andrew Jackson: Criticized for abusing power in South Carolina Nullification, Cherokee Removal, and veto power.