Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic No true nucleus No organelles Complex cell walls containing peptioglycan Divide by binary fission True nucleus Organelles Histone protein associated with DNA Simple cell walls Divide by mitosis

Bacterial Shapes Coccus – round Bacillus – rod Spiral Vibrio – comma shaped Spirochete - helical

Coccus / Arrangement

Bacillus / Arrangement

Other Shapes

Bacterial Shapes Most bacteria exhibit only one shape, they are said to be MONOMORPHIC Some bacteria can exhibit many shapes, they are said to be PLEOMORPHIC Members of genus Corynebacterium are pleomorphic

Bacterial Cell

Structures outside the cell wall Glycocalyx – general term for anything that surrounds the cell Organized and firmly attached outer layer is called a CAPSULE Capsules are often important in bacterial virulence Loosely attached and unorganized outer layer is called a SLIME LAYER

Bacterial capsules

Flagella Some bacteria are motile by means of flagella The arrangement of the flagella can be in several ways: Monotrichous – single flagella at one end Amphitrichous – flagella at each end Lophotrichous – two or more flagella at one end Peritrichous – flagella spread over the entire cell

Escherichia coli

Fimbriae and Pili Short, numerous hair like appendages on the cell are called FIMBRIAE Used for attachment to surfaces, like your teeth PILI are longer than fimbriae, only one or two per cell and used to transfer genetic material between bacteria Sex pili

E. Coli - fimbriae

Bacterial Cell Wall All bacteria, except for one genus, are surrounded by a rigid cell wall Cell wall is composed of a complex macromolecule called PEPTIDOGLYCAN Function of the cell wall is to Maintain the shape of the cell Prevent the cell from rupturing in high water pressure Anchor point for flagella

Cell Wall Comparison Gram + cell Many layers of peptidoglycan Thick rigid structure Strongly binds crystal violet in the Gram stain procedure making the cells blue Gram – cell One or two layers of peptidoglycan Outer lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS) – toxin Periplasmic space Lightly binds crystal violet in the Gram procedure

Gram + Cell Wall

Gram – Cell Wall

Can a bacteria survive without a cell wall? Yes, but only special conditions The enzyme lysozyme can break down the protein of the cell wall Gram + cell in an isotonic environment + lysozyme = protoplast Gram – cell in an isotonic environment + lysozyme = spheroplast

Acid-fast cells Cell wall is about 60% peptidoglycan Cell wall contains MYCOLIC ACID Waxy lipid substance Cells generally stain as Gram + Strongly bind carbol fuchsin in the acid-fast staining procedure Cells stain a bright purple red color in the acid-fast procedure

Plasma Membrane Phospholipid bilayer with associated proteins Selective permeability Nutrient breakdown Energy production

Nuclear area Bacterial cells contain ONE chromosome Circular in structure Just DNA, no associated proteins Some cells contain PLASMIDS Plasmids are separate from the main chromosome Also circular in structure, but smaller Contain only a few genes Often carry genes for antibiotic resistance

Ribosomes Protein synthesis Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S in size Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S in size Difference in size is important in antibiotic activity

Endospores Resting stage for certain bacteria Spores form when nutrients become depleted Spores are highly resistant to heat and drying Two genera of bacteria that form spores are Bacillus and Clostridium Spores germinate when placed in fresh media NOT a reproductive process, it’s SURVIVAL for the cells

Movement Across Membranes Simple diffusion – passive Facilitated diffusion – passive Osmosis – passive Active transport – requires the cell use energy

Simple Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion

Osmosis

Active Transport Cell uses energy in the form of ATP Nutrients are concentrated inside the cell against the concentration gradient Transporters in the cell membrane are responsible for this active process

Eukaryotic Cell