Securing land rights and active community participation in local development: lessons on land demarcation in Mozambique Eunice Cavane, Laura German, Almeida Sitoe, Carla Braga CENTRO DE ESTUDOS DE AGRICULTURA E GESTÃO DE RECURSOS NATURAIS Faculdade de Agronomia e Engenharia Florestal. Universidade Eduardo MondlaneCEAGRE

Securing Land Rights and Active Community Participation: lessons on land demarcation in Mozambique 1.Mozambique’ s Land Law recognizes and protects land rights acquired via land occupation, but this by itself yields no official document.  land delimitation and demarcation processes provide mechanisms to formally document these rights  Delimitation confers non-exclusive rights to communities  Demarcation confers exclusive rights in the name of producer’s associations 2.Mozambique’s Community Lands Initiative (iTC) supports Land delimitation and demarcation processes to register community land rights.  iTC’s experiences on land registration provide an opportunity to learn and improve practice in securing local land rights. Background

Study Objectives Securing Land Rights and Active Community Participation: lessons on land demarcation in Mozambique To systematize iTC’ experiences with land delimitation, land demarcation, and establishment of partnership in five provinces in Mozambique, with ultimate goal of drawing lessons to improve practice of land registration for securing community land rights and enabling community participation in local development. The specific objectives of this presentation on land demarcation are:  to identify the benefits of land demarcation; and  to explore the factors associated with different perceptions on land tenure security.

Securing Land Rights and Active Community Participation: lessons on land demarcation in Mozambique Stakeholder interview in provincial capitals:  iTC personnel, service providers & oversight bodies  Government agencies (cadastral services, forestry, investment promotion)  Investors Case studies in target communities:  Focus group discussions with beneficiary communities: leaders, women, men  Focus group discussions “comparison group”: neighboring communities and non-association members. Methodology

Securing Land Rights and Active Community Participation: lessons on land demarcation in Mozambique Main Findings  3 categories of associations engaged in income generating activities

Securing Land Rights and Active Community Participation: lessons on land demarcation in Mozambique Groups’ perceptions of benefits of land demarcation

Securing Land Rights and Active Community Participation: lessons on land demarcation in Mozambique Groups’ perceptions of benefits of land demarcation

Securing Land Rights and Active Community Participation: lessons on land demarcation in Mozambique Groups’ perceptions of benefits of land demarcation

Securing Land Rights and Active Community Participation: lessons on land demarcation in Mozambique 1.For members of associations increased land tenure security 2. For non-association members weakened land tenure security Factors influencing increased land tenure security:  participatory approach, featured by general meetings involving all community members, creation of CGRN and ACGRN and elaboration of community development agenda  effectiveness of land demarcation process in reducing internal land conflicts  consolidation of knowledge of community rights to use natural resources in the community  development of sense of capability for defending the land Factors influencing perceptions on changes in land tenure security

Securing Land Rights and Active Community Participation: lessons on land demarcation in Mozambique Factors influencing weakened land tenure security:  Non association members working in demarcated land believe their land tenure security depends on goodwill of association members Factors influencing perceptions on changes in land tenure security

Securing Land Rights and Active Community Participation: lessons on land demarcation in Mozambique Lessons 1.Social Preparation Approach contributed to active participation in local development through elaboration of CDA.  Valuation of land and natural resources and therefore land rights and concretization of local aspirations/vision. 2. There is a need to go beyond formal titling to support community development and business plans to concretize the benefits of titling and avoid frustration until able to self-mobilize. 3. There is also a need for a process to identify existing land users/uses and explore consequences of demarcation to non- beneficiaries (implication of differential effects of formalization of land rights)

Securing Land Rights and Active Community Participation: lessons on land demarcation in Mozambique 1. Additional support to help the already created local development engage in self- mobilization. This implies conducting needs assessment at community level. 2. Contextualize land demarcation in a broader community development strategy to ensure the concerns of non-association members, regarding land tenure security in demarcated areas, are addressed. Recommendations

Securing Land Rights and Active Community Participation: lessons on land demarcation in Mozambique 3. Structured monitoring and learning through experiences that enable lessons from implementation to inform policy and iTC interventions Recommendations Adapted from Kolb, 1984.

Thank you! Eunice Cavane, Laura German, Almeida Sitoe, Carla Braga CENTRO DE ESTUDOS DE AGRICULTURA E GESTÃO DE RECURSOS NATURAIS Faculdade de Agronomia e Engenharia Florestal. Universidade Eduardo MondlaneCEAGRE