GLOBAL NUTRITION

Throughout this course we have been primarily been discussing nutrition in the United States: A Global View of Nutrition - Food availability - Food availability - Food choices - Food choices - Guidelines - Guidelines - Diet and exercise - Diet and exercise - Undernutrition - Undernutrition - Overnutriton and obesity - Overnutriton and obesity - Diet and disease risks - Diet and disease risks - Maternal & infant nutrition - Maternal & infant nutrition

Throughout this course we have been primarily been discussing nutrition in the United States: A Global View of Nutrition - Food availability - Food availability - Food choices - Food choices - Guidelines - Guidelines - Diet and exercise - Diet and exercise - Undernutrition - Undernutrition - Overnutriton and obesity - Overnutriton and obesity - Diet and disease risks - Diet and disease risks - Maternal & infant nutrition - Maternal & infant nutrition Many other parts of the world have similar nutritional patterns, but there are some significant differences.

ConcernsHunger Uneasy or painful sensation caused by lack of food Uneasy or painful sensation caused by lack of food Undernutrition / Malnutrition Failure to achieve nutrient requirements Failure to achieve nutrient requirements Food insecurity Limited or uncertain availability of nutrients or food Limited or uncertain availability of nutrients or foodOvernutrition Failure to limit food intake Failure to limit food intake A Global View of Nutrition

Groups at risk: Poor - Can not afford food Isolated - Lack access to food resources Inadequately housed – Lack access to food storage & preparation & preparation Children – Dependent on family circumstances Hunger, malnutrition affect school performance Hunger, malnutrition affect school performance Elderly - Economic difficulties, Physical ailments A Global View of Nutrition

More than 48 million Americans (nearly one in six) are food insecure. About one-third of those had very low food security in which the food intake was reduced and their normal eating patterns were disrupted. Food insecurity exists in every county in America, ranging from a low of 5% in Steele County, ND to a high of 38% in Wilcox County, AL.

A Global View of Nutrition In the United States, more than 12 million children live in households which are food insecure: More then 3 million don’t have enough to eat and are deficient in calories and most nutrients More than 9 million consume enough calories but are deficient in specific nutrients such as proteins, complex carbohydrates, vitamins, or minerals.

A Global View of Nutrition At the same time: Two-thirds of adults in the U.S. are overweight (BMI > 25) and nearly one third are obese (BMI > 30) and nearly one third are obese (BMI > 30) One-sixth of U.S. children aged 6 to 19 are overweight or obese. 6 to 19 are overweight or obese. 300,000 deaths each year are due to obesity to obesity

A Global View of Nutrition We’ve already discussed the nutritional guidelines of USDA and DHHS to help develop healthy diets.

A Global View of Nutrition In the United States, a number of programs attempt to help meet the nutritional needs of children: At the federal level these are coordinated by the USDA Food and Nutrition Services Program - Supplemental Nutrition Assistance - Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Programs (food stamps) Programs (food stamps) - Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) - Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) - School breakfast and lunch programs - School breakfast and lunch programs

A Global View of Nutrition In the United States, a number of programs attempt to help meet the nutritional needs of children: Many states and communities also provide assistance: - Minnesota Food Assistance Program - Minnesota Food Assistance Program - Wisconsin Emergency Food - Wisconsin Emergency Food Assistance Program Assistance Program - Local Food banks - Local Food banks

A Global View of Nutrition Worldwide, nutritional programs are provided through such agencies as - United Nations - United Nations - International Nutrition Foundation - International Nutrition Foundation - World Health Organization - World Health Organization - Cooperative for Assistance & Relief Everywhere - Cooperative for Assistance & Relief Everywhere Most nations also have their own agencies

A Global View of Nutrition

Worldwide, more than 20,000,000 children under the age of five suffer from severe undernourishment leading to diseases we have already discussed such as rickets (vitamin D deficiency) rickets (vitamin D deficiency) scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) beriberi (thiamine deficiency) beriberi (thiamine deficiency) pelagra (niacin deficiency) pelagra (niacin deficiency) kwashiorkir or marasmus (protein & calorie deficiency) kwashiorkir or marasmus (protein & calorie deficiency) A Global View of Nutrition

Worldwide, more than 20,000,000 children under the age of five suffer from severe undernourishment leading to diseases we have already discussed such as rickets (vitamin D deficiency) rickets (vitamin D deficiency) scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) beriberi (thiamine deficiency) beriberi (thiamine deficiency) pelagra (niacin deficiency) pelagra (niacin deficiency) kwashiorkir or marasmus (protein & calorie deficiency) kwashiorkir or marasmus (protein & calorie deficiency) A Global View of Nutrition Nearly 6,000,000 children die from Nearly 6,000,000 children die from undernourishment each year – undernourishment each year – half of all child deaths. half of all child deaths.

Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable blindness blindness Deficiencies of calcium, potassium, biotin, zinc, or vitamin E lead to growth retardation vitamin E lead to growth retardation Deficiencies of iron, riboflavin, folic acid, or vitamins B 6 or B 12 lead to anemia and other problems or B 12 lead to anemia and other problems Vitamin K deficiencies lead to bleeding problems Iodine deficiencies lead to thyroid problems and goiter A Global View of Nutrition

Factors that contribute to hunger and malnutrition: 1. The world food equation correlates three things - Economic development - Economic development - Employment - Employment - Food consumption - Food consumption While economic development is generally a good thing for a country, the increased employment leads to higher standards of living which leads to increased food consumption.

1. The world food equation correlates three things - Economic development - Economic development - Employment - Employment - Food consumption - Food consumption Economic development also changes the patterns of food production & consumption: Smaller farms larger farms Smaller farms larger farms Hand / animal farming mechanized farming Hand / animal farming mechanized farming Crops for food crops for biofuels Crops for food crops for biofuels Fewer whole foods more processed foods Fewer whole foods more processed foods Factors that contribute to hunger and malnutrition

1. The world food equation correlates three things - Economic development - Economic development - Employment - Employment - Food consumption - Food consumption End result: Food more expensive Food unevenly distributed Food unevenly distributed Fewer foods available Fewer foods available Fewer people have access to healthy diets Fewer people have access to healthy diets Factors that contribute to hunger and malnutrition

2. Global climate change leads to Unpredictable growing seasons, Unpredictable growing seasons, which leads to which leads to Less food and fewer foods, Less food and fewer foods, which lead to which lead to Increased cost, Increased cost, which leads to which leads to Fewer people have access to healthy diets Fewer people have access to healthy diets Factors that contribute to hunger and malnutrition

3. Overpopulation leads to More people consuming the same amount of food, More people consuming the same amount of food, which leads to which leads to Less food available per person Less food available per person and and Increased food costs, Increased food costs, which leads to which leads to Fewer people have access to healthy diets Fewer people have access to healthy diets Factors that contribute to hunger and malnutrition

Population per square kilometer Factors that contribute to hunger and malnutrition

4. Urbanization leads to Increased transportation costs, Increased transportation costs, which leads to which leads to Increased cost, Increased cost, which leads to which leads to Fewer people have access to healthy diets Fewer people have access to healthy diets Factors that contribute to hunger and malnutrition

5. Poverty leads to Fewer people can afford to grow food Fewer people can afford to grow food and and Fewer people can afford to buy food Fewer people can afford to buy food which leads to which leads to Fewer people have access to healthy diets Fewer people have access to healthy diets Factors that contribute to hunger and malnutrition

6. Disease also plays a major role - Bacteria, viruses, and parasites spread through - Bacteria, viruses, and parasites spread through contaminated food or water cause diarrhea contaminated food or water cause diarrhea (dysentery) and/or vomiting, preventing absorption (dysentery) and/or vomiting, preventing absorption of nutrients of nutrients - Inflammatory diseases such as Crohn’s disease or - Inflammatory diseases such as Crohn’s disease or ulceritive colitis prevent aborption of nutrients ulceritive colitis prevent aborption of nutrients - Any disease which weakens individuals makes it - Any disease which weakens individuals makes it difficult for them to find food or to eat difficult for them to find food or to eat Factors that contribute to hunger and malnutrition

7. War and civil unrest leads to Destruction of farmland Destruction of farmland and and Fewer people farming Fewer people farming and and Uneven distribution of food Uneven distribution of food which leads to which leads to Fewer people have access to healthy diets Fewer people have access to healthy diets Factors that contribute to hunger and malnutrition

8. Environmental damage leads to Destruction of farmland Destruction of farmland which leads to which leads to Less food available per person Less food available per person and and Increased costs to produce & purchase food Increased costs to produce & purchase food which leads to which leads to Fewer people have access to healthy diets Fewer people have access to healthy diets Factors that contribute to hunger and malnutrition

Obviously, none of these factors alone cause the problem: Economic development Economic development Climate changes Climate changes Overpopulation Overpopulation Urbanization Urbanization Poverty Poverty Disease Disease War War Environmental damage Environmental damage Often coexist

A Global View of Nutrition Let’s return for a moment to the world food equation correlating Economic development Employment Employment Food consumption Food consumption While one result is increased hunger and malnutrition, another result is increased obesity

A Global View of Nutrition

The take-home message: Just like everything else we have discussed in this class the key to nutitional health is moderation – be food smart: Healthy foods Healthy foods Different types of foods Different types of foods Fewer refined and processed foods Fewer refined and processed foods Ensure adequate, but not excessive, intake of all Ensure adequate, but not excessive, intake of all nutrients nutrients

That’s the last topic in this course so We will not meet Thursday Instead, here’s the last quiz :

Quiz #6: Select one of the following countries and list five causes of food insecurity or malnutrition in that country. - Do not list more than 5 causes - Each answer must specify the effect For example: “Poverty” would not be enough, but “Poverty rate is 72%” would be OK - No single answer can be more than eight words Afghanistan Guatemala Angola Haiti Bolivia Mali CambodiaPeru Ethiopia Sudan

Quiz #6: Select one of the following countries and list five causes of food insecurity or malnutrition in that country. - Do not list more than 5 causes - Each answer must specify the effect For example: “Poverty” would not be enough, but “Poverty rate is 72%” would be OK - No single answer can be more than eight words Afghanistan Guatemala Angola Haiti Bolivia Mali CambodiaPeru Ethiopia Sudan Your quiz must be turned in (hard copy only – not electronically please) by 3:30pm on Thursday