Why the West was Wild Expansion of Industry Iron Horse Expansion of Industry Iron Horse

Expansion of Industry northeastern labor demands fuel European immigration population of US doubles farmland in US double- edged mining workers grow from 70k to 700k capital stock grew from 27 billion 227 billion northeastern labor demands fuel European immigration population of US doubles farmland in US double- edged mining workers grow from 70k to 700k capital stock grew from 27 billion 227 billion

Expansion of industry Northwest territories linked to Eastern seaboard by rails five mainlines from Chicago to East coast Northwest territories linked to Eastern seaboard by rails five mainlines from Chicago to East coast

The Iron Horse and Industry creates demand –iron, timber, coal, engines Facilitates colonizations and capitalization

The Iron Horse subsidized construction government pays costs government provides land to companies 40 acres of land in territory for every mile of track laid down. subsidized construction government pays costs government provides land to companies 40 acres of land in territory for every mile of track laid down.

Western Right of Ways RR 181 million acres of land. largest landholder in western territories k homesteaders rail right of ways as prime areas: –1 in 9 acres to small settlers RR 181 million acres of land. largest landholder in western territories k homesteaders rail right of ways as prime areas: –1 in 9 acres to small settlers

Development of far-western resource extraction factories in the mountains, woods and fields. cattle mining timber factories in the mountains, woods and fields. cattle mining timber Western cattle industry lasted at most 20 years ut became an iconic image.

Resource Extraction agriculture=first “industry” creation of value developed as labor intensive agriculture=first “industry” creation of value developed as labor intensive

Resource Extraction Mining=territory opener independent prospectors –boom towns takeover by mining corporations –company towns Mining=territory opener independent prospectors –boom towns takeover by mining corporations –company towns

Resource Extraction demand for labor = immigrants Asian & Mexican Europe Emancipated Slaves demand for labor = immigrants Asian & Mexican Europe Emancipated Slaves

Post-Civil War Population Growth immigration homestead act of acres of land for five year inhabitation and improvement. immigration homestead act of acres of land for five year inhabitation and improvement.

Post Civil War Advantages large military left over from civil war new technologies rail transport rifled barrels large military left over from civil war new technologies rail transport rifled barrels

Indian Wars local policy colonization change environment generate conflict local policy colonization change environment generate conflict

Indian Wars Oregon territory Southwest Basin and range Indian Territory Plains Oregon territory Southwest Basin and range Indian Territory Plains

Navajo campaign – Kit Carson leads campaign against Apache and Navajo. –8,474 Navajo marched from Navajo to Bosque Redondo in –1868 treaty reserve in Navajoland –3 goats per man woman and child.

INDIAN TERRITORY Creeks, Cherokees and Seminoles join civil war 7/17/1863 Battle of Honey Springs, 1866 treaties: cede western half of Indian territory. Allow construction of two RRs. Emancipate slaves (may adopt them) Creeks, Cherokees and Seminoles join civil war 7/17/1863 Battle of Honey Springs, 1866 treaties: cede western half of Indian territory. Allow construction of two RRs. Emancipate slaves (may adopt them)

Lakota campaigns war over encroachment 1862 building of Bozeman trail infuriates Sioux Minnesota: Little Crow’s war –500 killed, thousands displaced 23 counties depopulated 1866 Red Cloud war –treaty dismantles Bozeman forts war over encroachment 1862 building of Bozeman trail infuriates Sioux Minnesota: Little Crow’s war –500 killed, thousands displaced 23 counties depopulated 1866 Red Cloud war –treaty dismantles Bozeman forts

Northern Cheyenne War treaty of Horse Creek 1851 –N & W CO reserved for Indians Tension with Cheyenne, Arapaho and Sioux Indians attack trails.

Northern Cheyenne War Sand Creek Massacre –11/28/1864 –John Chivington and CO volunteers –179 Arapahoes and Cheyennes killed Sand Creek Massacre –11/28/1864 –John Chivington and CO volunteers –179 Arapahoes and Cheyennes killed

Southern Plains –treaty signed at Medicine lodge KA 1867 –provided reservation –free hunting through old range –Cheynne chief Satanta

Indian Wars Destruction Of Native Resource Basis “extincting” the Buffalo destruction of CA hill country Destruction Of Native Resource Basis “extincting” the Buffalo destruction of CA hill country

Shrinking Buffalo Herds –railroad food supply –sport hunting –buffalo hide sales –wipe out Sioux –subsistence

Treaty ritual and negotiation rituals: peace pipe and signing council: time of making statements and negotiating rituals: peace pipe and signing council: time of making statements and negotiating

Indian Cessions Dawes Allotment Act 1887 individual allotment sale of “remainder” Dawes Allotment Act 1887 individual allotment sale of “remainder”

Mexican cessions –grants approved by Congressional Act –212 claims were heard and 22 approved : –Court of Private Land claims for NM territory –34,653,340 acres tried--1,934,986 validated –= a 6% retention rate. –commonly held land land as owned by the State –grants approved by Congressional Act –212 claims were heard and 22 approved : –Court of Private Land claims for NM territory –34,653,340 acres tried--1,934,986 validated –= a 6% retention rate. –commonly held land land as owned by the State.

Public Acquisition of Land 2 million private Mexican--->private Anglo 1.7 million collective Mex--->private Anglo 1.8 million collective Mex--->state owned 3 million collective Mex------>Fed. owned 2 million private Mexican--->private Anglo 1.7 million collective Mex--->private Anglo 1.8 million collective Mex--->state owned 3 million collective Mex------>Fed. owned