Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Chapter 19 Agricultural and Related Technology

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objectives Explain what agriculture is. Name the two major types of agriculture. List the six major groups of crops grown on farms. Describe the seven main types of machines used in growing and harvesting crops.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objectives Label the five main types of livestock farms. Give examples of how technology is used in aquaculture. Summarize how biotechnology can be used in agriculture.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objectives Identify five methods of food preservation used today. Paraphrase the definition of artificial ecosystem.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Early Agriculture Began about 10,000 years ago First farmers were nomads in the Middle East They planted seeds of grasses for food These grasses produced a new crop called grain Crops were tended with crude hoes and bone sickles

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Science and Technology Modern farming uses science Plant science Cross-pollination Animal science Crossbreeding Weather and seasons Modern farming uses agricultural technology New machines Modern equipment Food preservation and storage techniques

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Types of Agriculture Agriculture takes place: On farms On ranches In gardens Main branches: Crop production Animal husbandry (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Crop Production Grows plants to provide: Human food Animal feed Natural fibers Ingredients for medicines Ingredients for industrial processes Plants for landscaping Trees for ornamental and wood products

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Animal Husbandry Involves: Breeding animals Feeding animals Training animals Uses of these animals include: Food Fibers Physical work Pleasure

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Agricultural Crops Crops raised today come from all over the world Major types of crops: Grains Vegetables Fruits Nuts Forage crops Nonfood

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Grains Members of the grass family with edible seeds Include wheat, rice, corn, barley, and oats Main food energy source for 75% of the world’s population (Deere and Company)

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Vegetables Plants with edible leaves, stems, roots, or seeds Provide important vitamins and minerals Include beets, carrots, lettuce, celery, peas, melons, and cabbage Grown on truck farms (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Fruits Plants cultivated for their edible parts Include berries, apples, pears, plums, lemons, limes, figs, dates, and grapes Grown in orchards or on berry farms

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Nuts Plants with hard-shelled seeds Include walnuts, pecans, almonds, filberts, coconuts, and peanuts Most are grown on trees in orchards Peanuts grow underground on farms

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Forage Crops Plants grown for animal food Include: Hay crops, such as alfalfa and clover Grasses used for pasture

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Nonfood Plants grown for uses other than food Includes: Tobacco Cotton Rubber Nursery stock for landscaping Christmas trees

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. A Crop’s Life Cycle

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Advances in Agriculture Growing crops used to be labor- intensive Farming has become equipment- intensive New tools and machinery have been developed Work is easier and more productive

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Technology in Agriculture Growing crops involves technological devices and systems Power (pulling) equipment Tillage equipment Planting equipment Pest control equipment Irrigation equipment Harvesting equipment Storage equipment

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. History of Pulling Equipment Animals were tamed and trained to pull loads in the Stone Age By 3500 B.C., oxen were used to plow fields During the 1900s, tractors replaced animal power on most farms (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion What are some other uses, other than farm applications, for tractors?

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Types of Tractors Wheel tractorsTrack machines (Deere and Company)

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Features of Tractors Tractors provide power to pull all types of farm equipment All tractors have: Power source (engine) Way to transmit the power for pulling a load Method of controlling speed and direction Traction devices (wheels or tracks) Operator’s area (seat, cab, and controls) Hitch for fastening equipment

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Tillage Equipment Breaks and pulverizes the soil Develops a seedbed for seeds and plants Includes: Plows Discs Harrows

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Plows Cut, lift, and turn over soil Can be traced back to tree branches and antlers Iron and steel plows were developed in the 1800s Modern plows have a blade-shaped plowshare (Case IH)

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discs Prepare the seedbed Used after or instead of the plow Series of curved discs on a shaft Slice and crumble the earth as they are pulled through the ground (Deere and Company)

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Harrows Used after plowing and discing Frames with spikes or spring-shaped teeth Dragged over the ground to make the soil fine and crumbly

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Minimum Tillage Today, farmers are doing less tillage This technique uses small amounts of work to prepare the soil Often used on soil that erodes easily A set of chisels on a frame might be used to open the soil Sometimes, no-tillage systems are used

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion What are the advantages and disadvantages of minimum tillage and no-till farming?

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Planting Equipment Fertilizer must be applied to the soil Seeds must be planted to start the crop cycle In early days, this was done by hand Today, this is done with a grain drill (Deere and Company)

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Specialized Planting Machines (Deere and Company) Used to plant vegetable plants Potatoes Corn Tomatoes Cabbage

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Pest Control Equipment Developed to help control pests Diseases Insects Neighboring plants Cultivators are used to remove weeds Break up the ground Allow water to enter the soil Cut off and pull out weeds

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion How is this farmer applying fertilizer while cultivating a crop? (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Pest Control Sprays Herbicides control weeds Pesticides control insects Can be applied with ground equipment or airplanes

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Irrigation Equipment Elements of irrigation systems: Reliable source of water Canals, ditches, or channels to move water Way to control and distribute water Dams are often used to control water at its source

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Irrigation Methods Flood irrigation Sprinkler irrigation Drip irrigation

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Flood Irrigation Used on level fields Sheet of water advances across a field Furrows might be used between rows of plants to move water to the other end of the field (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Sprinkler Irrigation Involves water source, pump, main lines, lateral lines, valves, and sprinkler heads Common types of systems: Solid set sprinklers Pivot sprinklers (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Drip Irrigation Uses main lines to bring water near plants Tubes bring water from main lines to each plant Ensures each plant is properly watered Reduces amount of water lost to evaporation

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion Why is irrigation important to American agriculture?

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Harvesting Equipment Crops must be harvested upon reaching maturity Combines are used to harvest grains Combination of a header and a thresher Cut off top of plant and separate out grain (Deere and Company)

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Specialized Harvesting Machines Combines or other special machines are harvest vegetables, cotton, fruits, and nuts Swathers and balers harvest hay (Deere and Company)

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Storage Equipment Crops are often stored before being sent to processing plants Crops are stored in: Silos Grain elevators Hay barns Climate-controlled buildings

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Raising Livestock Animals are raised to provide: Meat Milk Materials for clothing Animals are raised on: Cattle ranches Dairies Swine farms Horse farms Poultry farms

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Equipment for Raising Livestock Buildings to house animals Buildings to process feed Machines used to feed animals Pumps and tanks to provide water Machines and equipment to dispose of animal waste

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion How is this cattle feedlot similar to a small-scale city?

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Special Types of Agriculture Hydroponics Growing plants without soil Aquaculture Growing and harvesting fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants Forestry Growing trees for commercial uses

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Agricultural Biotechnology Used to create, improve, or modify plants, animals, and microorganisms Can improve the nutritional value of foods Can combat human and animal diseases

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Uses for Biotechnology Increase crop yields Produce plants resistant to pests, diseases, and herbicides Genetic engineering and gene splicing

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Food Production Most foods have been processed or preserved before we eat them Food production begins with farmers Harvested food goes to processing plants and is then transported to consumers

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion What types of workers are involved in food production?

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Food Processing Conversion of harvested crops into ready-to-eat food Sorting Washing Slicing Roasting Grinding Canning Flash freezing Boxing Cooking Adding preservatives Packaging

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Food Preservation Prevents growth of microorganisms that spoil food Techniques include: Refrigeration and freezing Canning Dehydration Chemical preservation Irradiation Freeze-drying

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Refrigeration and Freezing Most popular forms of preservation Cold temperatures cause bacteria growth to slow or stop Have little effect on taste and texture of most foods

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Canning Preserves food in glass jars or metal cans Uses heat to remove oxygen from container and kill microorganisms Heating inactivates enzymes that could change the food’s color, flavor, or texture Used to preserve fruits, vegetables, jams and jellies, soups, and juices

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Dehydration Process by which foods are dried to preserve them Increases salt and sugar concentrations, which kills bacteria Used for soup, potatoes, dried fruits and vegetables, beef jerky, pasta, and instant rice (Cherry Marketing Institute)

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion When is dehydrating a more useful process than canning?

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Chemical Preservation Curing Uses salt or sugar Used for country ham, dried beef, corned beef, and pastrami Pickling Uses vinegar Used for meat, fruits, and pickles

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Irradiation Uses X-ray radiation to kill bacteria Does not significantly change food Can occur after food is packaged Used for chicken and beef Safety is still controversial

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Other Forms of Food Preservation Freeze-drying Pasteurization Fermentation Carbonation Smoking Cheese making

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Artificial Ecosystems Used to study agricultural processes and systems Common examples: Terrariums Hydroponics stations Require close monitoring and management (Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Quality Control Livestock farming Animal feed Animal health Meat preparation Crop inspection Fertilizer approval Food processing Food preparation Food preservation Food inspection Sanitation

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Agricultural Managers Manage daily activities of farms, ranches, and nurseries Work in the office and in the field Workload might shift with season Experience in farm or ranch work is often required

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Technology Teachers Help students learn about technology Must possess good communication skills and understand their subject area Work in lab-type classrooms Must be licensed by the state in which they teach

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 1._____ is using materials, information, and machines to produce the food and natural fibers needed to maintain life. Agriculture

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 2.What are the two major types of agriculture? Crop production and animal husbandry

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 3.Name the six major groups of crops grown on farms. Grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts, forage crops, and nonfood

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 4. _____ equipment is designed to break and pulverize the soil. Tillage

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 5.A cultivator is an example of _____ equipment. A. tillage B. planting C. harvesting D. pest control

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 6.Which of the following types of livestock farms raises cattle primarily for milk? A. Cattle ranches B. Dairies C. Swine farms D. Poultry farms B. Dairies

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 7.What type of agriculture grows and harvests fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants in controlled conditions? Aquaculture

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 8.How can biotechnology be used in agriculture? Increasing crop yields; producing plants resistant to pests, diseases, and herbicides; genetic engineering; and gene splicing

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 9.Name three methods of food preservation used today. Any three of the following: refrigeration and freezing, canning, dehydration, chemical preservation, irradiation

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 10.A(n) _____ is a human-made complex reproducing some facets of the natural environment. artificial ecosystem

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Agricultural technology Developing and using devices and systems to plant, grow, and harvest crops. It also includes raising livestock for food and other useful products. Agriculture Using materials, information, and machines to produce the food and natural fibers needed to maintain life.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Animal husbandry The breeding, feeding, and training of animals. Animal science The science of crossbreeding livestock.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Aquaculture The growing and harvesting of fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants in controlled conditions. It uses ponds, instead of soil, to grow its crop. Artificial ecosystem A human-made complex reproducing some facets of the natural environment.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Baler A machine that picks up a windrow (band of hay) and conveys it into a baling chamber, where the hay is compressed into a cube. Biotechnology A part of technology dealing with using biological agents in an industrial process to produce goods or services.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Combine A machine used to harvest grains. Crop Grain, vegetables, or fruit that has been agriculturally cultivated.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Cultivator A machine used on farmland to remove weeds and open the soil for water. Disc A series of curved discs on a shaft. Discs (disc plows) are used to prepare the seedbed.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Drip irrigation A type of irrigation that uses main lines to bring water near the plants. Individual tubes or emitters bring water from the main lines to each plant. Forestry The growing of trees for commercial use, such as lumber and timber products, paper and pulp, and chips and fibers.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Genetic engineering Selective breeding and pollinating, which allows people to develop plants and animals with desirable traits. Gene splicing The process of using enzymes to cut the DNA chain at any point and splice them back together with more desirable parts.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Grain drill A machine developed in the early 1700s to plant seeds. It is also called a seed drill. Harrow A frame with teeth, dragged over the ground to give the soil tilth.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Harvest To remove edible parts of plants from trees and stocks and to butcher animals to produce meat and other products for consumption. Hydroponics Growing plants in nutrient solutions without soil.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Irrigation Artificial watering to maintain plant growth in areas too dry for successful farming. Pest control A spray used to control insects and weeds that may damage farm crops.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Pivot sprinkler A sprinkler that uses one long line attached at one end to a water source. The line is constantly moving very slowly in a circle. Sprinkler or mist heads apply the water as the line pivots. Plant To place seeds in the ground to grow.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Plant science The science of cross-pollinating crops. Plow A blade-shaped plowshare that cuts, lifts, and turns over the soil.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Sprinkler A device used to control and distribute water. Swather A machine that cuts and windrows the hay in one pass over the field.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Tillage The operation of breaking and pulverizing soil. Tractor A machine that provides power to pull all types of farm equipment.