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copyright cmassengale The Basic Unit of Life copyright cmassengale

Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Bacterial Cell Animal Cell Plant Cell

copyright cmassengale Number of Cells Organisms may be: Unicellular – composed of one cell Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize copyright cmassengale

Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Prokaryotes include bacteria which lack of nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles. Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, protist & animals) copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Prokaryotes Nucleoid region contains the DNA Cell membrane & cell wall Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Eukaryotic Cell Contain 3 basic cell structures: Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm with organelles copyright cmassengale

Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Animal Cell Plant Cell copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Cell Organelles Very small size Can only be observed under a microscope Have specific functions Found throughout cytoplasm copyright cmassengale

Organelles Found in Cells Examples of Organelles include: Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) – canals for movement Golgi Bodies – wrap & export proteins Nucleolus – makes ribosomes Lysosomes – digests & gets rid of wastes Ribosomes – makes proteins copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Cell Organelles copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Golgi Bodies Stacks of flattened sacs Have a shipping side & a receiving side Receive & modify proteins made by ER Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends Transport vesicle copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Ribosome The ribosome is a large and complex molecular machine, found within all living cells. They serves as the primary site of biological protein synthesis. Ribosomes are the cell’s protein factories. Ribosome copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes Break down food and worn out cell parts for cells Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts) copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Nucleolus Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli Inside nucleus Disappears when cell divides Makes ribosomes that make proteins copyright cmassengale

Endoplasmic Reticulum Transport materials through the cell Known as the highway of the cell. Smooth SER lacks ribosomes process lipids and carbohydrates in the cell Rough RER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT copyright cmassengale

Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion ( mitochondria ) Rod shape Site of Cellular respiration

In Animal Cells Mitochondria Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria Burn sugars to produce energy ATP

copyright cmassengale Surrounding the Cell Cell membrane Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells Made of protein and phospholipids Selectively permeable copyright cmassengale

Cell or Plasma Membrane Cell membrane Living layer Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell Selectively permeable copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Cytoplasm of a Cell Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale More on Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs. Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion. copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Control Organelle Nucleus Controls the normal activities of the cell Contain the DNA Bounded by a nuclear membrane Contains chromosomes copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale More on the Nucleus Nucleus Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes Genes control cell characteristics copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Plant Cell Organelles Chloroplast Contain the green pigment chlorophyll Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food) Process called photosynthesis copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Plant Cell Cell wall Dead layer Large empty spaces present between cellulose fibers Freely permeable copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Plant Cell Cell wall Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers Strong and rigid Found in plant cells copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Plant Cell Cell wall Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm) Resist entry of excess water into the cell Give shape to the cell copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Vacuole Plants Have a large central vacuole Animals have a very small or none. Surrounded by tonoplast Contains cell sap Sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments Vacuole copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Cytoskeleton Maintains the shape of the animal cell. Maintains the 3 dimensional shape. Helps the cell moves Cytoskeleton is made out of 2 parts: Microtubules Microfilaments copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale

Different kinds of plant cells Onion Epidermal Cells Root Hair Cell root hair Guard Cells copyright cmassengale

Animal Cell Organelles Near the nucleus Paired structures Help cell divide copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Animal Cell vacuole cytoplasm No cell wall or chloroplast Stores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy nucleus mitochondrion cell membrane glycogen granule copyright cmassengale

Different Kinds of Animal Cells white blood cell red blood cell cheek cells sperm nerve cell muscle cell Amoeba Paramecium copyright cmassengale

Similarities between plant cells and animal cells Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Both have a nucleus Both contain mitochondria copyright cmassengale

Differences between plant cells and animal cells Relatively smaller in size Relatively larger in size Irregular shape Regular shape No cell wall Cell wall present copyright cmassengale

Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells Vacuole small or absent Large central vacuole Glycogen as food storage Starch as food storage Nucleus at the center Nucleus near cell wall

copyright cmassengale Any Questions copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Compound Microscope Instrument for observing small objects Magnify images up to 2000X their size copyright cmassengale

Different parts of a microscope copyright cmassengale

Revolving nosepiece Eyepiece Body tube Objective Coarse adjustment Clip Fine adjustment Arm Condenser Stage Iris diaphragm Condenser control knob Mirror Base

copyright cmassengale Basic Unit of Life Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms Unicellular organisms are made of one cell only The cells of multicellular organisms are specialized to perform different functions e.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis and root hair cells for water absorption copyright cmassengale

Levels of organization Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Tissue A group of similar cells to perform a particular function Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Organ Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions Heart : consists of muscles, nervous tissue and blood vessels Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue copyright cmassengale

The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ) Chloroplast Palisade Mesophyll Cell Spongy Mesophyll Cell Air Space Stoma copyright cmassengale

The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)

copyright cmassengale System Several organs and tissues work together to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems Plant : root and shoot systems copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Any Questions copyright cmassengale