What Happens to Fish as it Freezes?. Nature of Raw Material Fish/Shellfish Composition Protein15-25% Fat 1-15% Minerals 1-2% Water65-80%

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Presentation transcript:

What Happens to Fish as it Freezes?

Nature of Raw Material Fish/Shellfish Composition Protein15-25% Fat 1-15% Minerals 1-2% Water65-80%

Water in Fish Free – In Muscle Transport – Dissolved Minerals Bound –Attached to Proteins

Freezing Change State of Water Liquid to Solid Proteins aren’t changed Fats aren’t changed Minerals aren’t changed

Freezing - Two Stages To Consider Freezing Process Cold Storage

Freezing Process What Occurs -Three Stages First - Chilling/Removing Heat to the Transition Temperature

Freezing Process Second - Phase Change - Liquid to Solid - Over a Temperature Range – Fairly Complex Third – Final Temperature Drop to Surroundings

Freezing Curve

Phase Change Happenings As Temp Decreases Through “Critical” Zone Pure Water Freezes in Crystals Starting Around 28F

Phase Change Happenings Salt/Solute Concentration Increases Amount of Unfrozen Water Left

Unfrozen Water

Ice Crystals Small Crystals - Fast Freezing Large Crystals - Slow Freezing Through the Phase Transition Zone

Ice Crystal Size

Freezing Time Freezing Time - What is Fast? Hours Vs. Days Inches Per Hour

Final Core Temp Final Temperatures - What is Best? -20F -40F

Other Things Happening During Freezing Increased Enzyme Activity in Transition Zone Glassy State Conditions

Glassy State Occurs Around 5 to 10 F In Pockets – Hi Concentration of Salts/Enzymes Ice Crystals Dissolve

Glassy State Ice Recrystallizes in Larger Chunks Quality Changes Avoid this Region

Other Things Happening During Freezing Moisture Loss in Freezing Freezing in Rigor Visual Quality Concerns

Moisture Loss in Freezing Depending on System, Can Lose Water From Surface Sometimes Up to 1% or 2%

Freezing in Rigor Stiffening of the salmon muscle shortly after death May last several hours to days depending on temperature

Freezing in Rigor Don't process/handle fish in rigor Gaping, Drip Loss and Toughness

Cold Storage Severe Conditions Dry Air Temperature Fluctuations

Cold Storage Glassy State Deterioration Freezer Burn Protection

Quality Changes Moisture Migration and Recrystallization Hydrolytic Enzyme Activity Protein Denaturation

Moisture Migration and Recrystallization Freezer Burn Temperature Fluctuations – Limit Shelf Life

Quality Changes Fat Oxidation Microbial Changes

Minimizing Quality Losses Cryoprotectants - Glazing Antioxidants

Glazing Options for Glaze Salt Sugar Antioxidants

Glazing Glaze Water Temperature How Much Glaze? Cold Storage Effects

Minimizing Quality Losses Packaging Bleeding

Packaging Critical Aspect of Shelf Life As Much Protection As You Can Afford Plastics/Boxes/Vac Pack

Shelf Life Time of Acceptable Quality Limiting Factor is Often Fat Oxidation Also Texture Changes

Shelf Life Depends on Water Content Fat Content Packaging Storage Temperature