ENERGY SCHEMES click

Energy-Efficiency Review of General Principles: Case A (Very Popular): Start with high quality heat & cascade its use until it cools Case B (Innovative): Collect waste energy and bring it back to DRIVE "heat pumps" to harvest energy from the environment for us to USE in cooling, airconditioning, drying, and heating click

Energy-Efficiency Case A - Conventional systems -- medium to high efficiencies of “Stand-Alone” units – District Heating, Ovens, Vehicles, Power Plants, AirCons, Chillers, Freezers, Heaters Case B - Heat Pumps -- extremely high “Overall System” efficiencies – "LiBr absorption heat pumps" -- use waste energy as input, therefore, FREE – Absorption heat pumps - collect waste, FREE – Mechanical heat pumps - collect waste, FREE click

Energy-Efficiency Case A – Engineering culture calls for the design for efficient stand-alone systems Case B – I have been successful in the emphasis of design for OVERALL SYSTEM EFFICIENCY, where we put together “stand- alone” systems to achieve envious results click

Typical Energy Split in Gasoline Internal Combustion Engines We USE only this much We WASTE the rest click

"Heat Pumps" Harvest Energy from Environment Heat Pump E(o) Energy from System (use for heating/drying - FREE) E(c) Energy from Chiller - FREE (from environment - produce OR aircon) E(i) Energy Input (recovered waste heat from engine – FREE!) Coefficient of Performance (COP) = E(c) / E(i) COP (Electrical/Mechanical Compressors) = 2.5 to 6.43 COP (LiBr Absorption Systems) = 1.0 to 1.4 COP (NH3 Absorption Systems) = 0.5 to 0.7 click

“Cogeneration Scheme" The next slide shows: Burn clean fuel in an engine (100 energy units) Generate electricity and drive a mechanical chiller (10 units), which is a “heat pump”, for freezing applications, giving 30 units of FREE energy for heating and/or drying Energy from the exhaust of the engine (25+50=75 units of FREE energy) Send these 75 units to drive a Lithium-Bromide Absorption Chiller, also a “heat pump,” and RECOVER 158 units of FREE energy at the exhaust of the heat pump The resulting “Energy Balance” is shown in the box, below HEAT PUMPS HARVEST From Fuel = = 100 Harvested = = 103 Recovered = = 188 Grand Total = = 288 click

START with CLEAN FUEL = 100 input energy to initiate the process (run like base-loaded plants) Exhaust= 50 Electricity Generated = 10 Harvested by Heat Pump from the Environment E[c]= E[i] * (COP:2) = 20 Lithium-Bromide Absorption Chiller E[i] = = 75 Waste = 5 Jacket= 25 Harvested by Heat Pump from the Environment E[c] = 75 * (COP:1.11) = 83 Energy for Heating and/or drying E[o] = E[i] +E[c] = 30 (FREE ENERGY) Energy for Heating and/or Drying E[o] = = 158 (FREE ENERGY) Mechanical Chiller/Freezer = 10 (E[i]) HEAT PUMPS HARVEST From Fuel = = 100 Harvested = = 103 Recovered = = 188 Grand Total = = 288 ENERGY ALLOCATION in Co-Generation Scheme ==> with "Heat Pumps" (click to continue) click

“Functional Integration” The next slide shows how the whole cogeneration system is integrated Left Click on this slide The next slide will automatically ANIMATE itself click

Drying Chamber 100kwh LPG/LNG 20kwh Engine 5kwh Waste Fresh Air Freezer Cold Storage De- Humidifier 30kwh For Heating 30kwh Freezer 158kwh LiBr 158kwh For Heating Solar Heater Solar Collector Water Evaporator Process for Potable Water Vapor Condenser Boiler 75kwh LiBr Chiller Meat, Fish Fruit, etc Functional Integration CoGen, Drying/Chilling, RenewableEnergy, Potable Water RE Electrical Source Batteries Electrical Load 25kwh Jacket 10kwh Generator 10kwh Compressor 5kwh Waste For Heating 50kwh Exhaust Steam Heater click

The Merchandise / Commodity 1.Services Provided Profitability jumps sky-high, as the system generates electricity from the FUEL 2.Strategic Advantage use FREE energy from the waste heat for Chilling & Air-conditioning, Heating, & Drying (fish/meat/veggies/fruit) ALL energy used is from ONLY ONE, not many independent sources Innovative Energy-Efficiency Scheme leads to the UTILIZATION of FREE ENERGY resulting in the radical reduction of energy cost Systems may be transportable for easy replication to other sites 3.This is an EXPORTABLE Commodity Consistent with the Government’s Thrust for ENERGY- INDEPENDENCE, and is a good STEWARD of the Earth and of the Environment click

Income Statement – no IMPROVEMENTS yet Total RevenuesRRRRR Total ExpensesEEE EEE NIBIT (Net Income Before Interest and Taxes) Less: Interest Payments Less: Taxes NIAT (Net Income After Taxes) Cash Flow Statement – no IMPROVEMENTS yet SourcesRevenues LESS Costs UsesTaxes PLUS Interest PLUS Principal NNCF (Equity & Project Streams)Sources LESS Uses IRR (Equity & Project)Dependent upon Investment and NNCF click

Income Statement – with IMPROVEMENTS Total RevenuesRRRRR Total ExpensesEEE EEE NIBIT (Net Income Before Interest and Taxes) =  RADICALLY HIGHER Less: Interest Payments =  slightly higher (influenced by decisions) Less: Taxes =  very slightly higher NIAT (Net Income After Taxes) =  RADICALLY HIGHER Cash Flow Statement – with IMPROVEMENTS SourcesRevenues LESS Costs =  HIGHER UsesTaxes PLUS Interest PLUS Principal =  (decisions) NNCF (Eq & Proj Streams)Sources LESS Uses =  HIGHER IRR (Equity & Project)Higher Streams ==  HIGHER IRR TO REVENUE STREAM: EEE + Savings in Displaced Electricity, Heating & Chilling + Carbon Credits + Government Incentives + Responsible Human Beings Caring for Planet click

This is the final configuration of the US$65million Project that I conceptualized, led, and tendered. International bidders participated. click

Tristan Calasanz – about me... 1.Vice President for Utility Operations – National Power Corporation of the Philippines Assets: US$10 billion; Gross Revenues: US$1 billion (1983) Energy-Efficiency Savings: US$15 million (1983) 2.Vice President for Project Development – First Private Power Corporation Co-Generation Facility: Conceptualization, Feasibility Studies, Engineering, Bid Evaluation Project Investment: US$65 million 3.Associate for Energy Management – SGV&CO/ArthurAndersen&CO click

Thank You! Tristan H Calasanz December 8, the END