A. How do we tell the location by letters and numbers?  When a map is covered with squares, like a network of vertical lines and horizontal lines, we can use those letters and numbers marked on the vertical and horizontal lines to tell the location. Next

B. How do we tell the location by grid references? Grid lines Are the vertical and horizontal lines which form the squares covering a map Are marked with numbers The vertical lines are called ‘eastings’ The horizontal lines are called ‘northings’ Next

 Then, give the number of the horizontal northing. Example: Grid references  When we tell a location by grid reference, we need to give the number of the vertical easting first.  Then, give the number of the horizontal northing. Example: 135 789 eastings number northings number 2 types of grid reference: 4-figure grid reference 6-figure grid reference Next

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Helps you to find the direction C. What is a compass? Compass Helps you to find the direction The coloured end of the compass needle always points towards north The other end points towards south Next

Using the compass Put the compass on a flat place Turn the compass slowly until the coloured end of the compass needle points to the letter ‘N’ and the black one points to the letter ‘S’ When the compass needle is resting in this position, we can use the compass to tell the direction of other places from us  ‘N’ means ‘north’  ‘S’ means ‘south’ Next

D. What are the sixteen points of the compass? Totally, there are 16 directions marked on this compass North (N), east (E), south (S) and west (W) are the cardinal points. Northeast (NE), southeast (SE), southwest (SW) and northwest (NW) are the points half way between each of the cardinal points. In order to give more accurate directions, the angles between each of these eight points are divided again to give totally 16 directions. These 16 directions are called ‘the sixteen points of the compass. Next

E. How do we use whole circle bearing to tell direction? Can tell direction accurately There are 360° in a compass circle North is 0°; East is 90°; South is 180° and West is 270°. Place a protractor on a map and measure the direction of a place clockwise from 0° Next

F. How do we use reduced bearing to tell direction?  Measure the angle to the east or west of the north or south line  Use degree ( ° ) as its unit, same as with the whole circle bearing Next

Terms to learn:  Grid lines - the vertical and horizontal lines forming squares covering a map  Eastings - the vertical grid lines  Northings - the horizontal grid lines  Cardinal points - the four major compass points - north, east, south and west  Sixteen points of the compass - the 16 directions marked on a compass  Whole circle bearing - a method of telling direction by measuring the angle clockwise from 0° north  Reduced bearing - a method of telling direction by measuring the angle east or west of the north or south lines END

Compass Go Back

How to find the whole circle bearing Go Back

How to find the reduced bearing Go Back

Fig. 3.3 Go Back