Nuclear Power Generation in China WANG Jie, YU Xiaoli, YANG Xiaoyong INET, Tsinghua University, China Sept. 24, 2010

Contents Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Current Status Current Status Conclusions Conclusions

Schematic for NPP Primary system, Secondary system, (Third system) Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Special Features Fission Equation: 1. Reactivity 2. Decay heat 3. Radioactivity Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Reactor Design 1. Reactivity Control Neutron control 2. Decay heat removal Special cooling system 3. Radioactivity prevention Engineered barriers Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Typical Design Specifications for PWR Thermal Power3800 MW Electrical Power1300 MW Efficiency34.2% Fuel Enrichment3.3 % Steam Pressure7.58 MPa Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Safety design 1.Negative temperature coefficient 2.Decay heat Removal system 3. Three barriers Cooling core at any condition Fuel clad Pressure vessel Containment building Reactivity decreases with increasing temperature Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Nuclear Reactor Three Stages Thermal Neutron Reactor Fast Neutron Breed Reactor Fusion Reactor The majority of NPPs currently Better utilization of 238U resource Reducing radioactive waste Dream of human beings Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Contents Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Current Status Current Status Conclusions Conclusions

Energy Consumption Year The energy consumption of China in 1997~2009 (kilo ton) Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Power Generation The power generation of China in 2001~2009 Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Government’s Policy  Since 2004, Chinese government changed the policy of nuclear development from “moderate” to “active”  Since 2004, Chinese government changed the policy of nuclear development from “moderate” to “active”  Jan. 2006, Large-scale advanced pressurized water reactor power plant was listed in “Sixteen National Significant S&T Projects” by National Program for Medium to Long- Term Scientific and Technological Development  Jan. 2006, Large-scale advanced pressurized water reactor power plant was listed in “Sixteen National Significant S&T Projects” by National Program for Medium to Long- Term Scientific and Technological Development Sep 5, 2010, President Hu Jintao in Daya Bay NPP Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Contents Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Current Status Current Status Conclusions Conclusions

Current status Nuclear power reactors in China Nuclear power reactors in China Nuclear reactor technologies in China Nuclear reactor technologies in China Nuclear equipment manufacture Nuclear equipment manufacture Advanced reactors Advanced reactors Fuel cycle Fuel cycle

Nuclear power reactors Nuclear power reactors in mainland China (Updated 15 August 2010) Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions Tianwan2 Qingshan6 Daya Bay, lingao4 Haiyang2 Sanyang2 Tanshan2 Tianwan4 Ningde4 Fuqing6 Yangjiang6 Fangchenggang2 Changjiang2 Hongyanhe6 Fangjiashan2 Qinshan II 1 Lingao II 2 In operation Generation II+ under construction Generation III under construction

UnitsProvince Net capacity (each) TypeOperator Commercial operation Daya Bay 1&2Guangdong944 MWePWRCGNPC1994 Qinshan Phase I Zhejiang279 MWePWRCNNCApril 1994 Qinshan Phase II, 1-3 Zhejiang610 MWePWRCNNC2002, 2004, (2011) Qinshan Phase III, 1&2 Zhejiang665 MWePHWRCNNC2002, 2003 Lingao Phase I, 1&2Guangdong935 MWePWRCGNPC2002, 2003 Tianwan 1&2Jiangsu1000 MWePWR (VVER) CNNC2007 Lingao Phase II, 1Guangdong1037 MWePWRCGNPC(Oct 2010) Total: 13 10,234 Mwe Operating nuclear reactors Mainland China has 13 nuclear power reactors in operation, 24 under construction, and more about to start construction soon. Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Nuclear reactors under construction The number in () represent first concrete was poured Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions Generation II+ under construction PlantNumber Gross Under construction Capacity (10 4 k w ) Gross Under construction Qinshan Phase II Lingao II Hongyanhe Ningde Fangjiashan Fuqing Yangjiang Changjiang Jiangsu Tianwan Fangchengg Total

Nuclear reactors under construction (continued) The number in () represent first concrete was poured PlantNumber Gross Under construction Capacity (10 4 k w ) Gross Under construction Generation III under construction Sanmen Haiyang Taishan Total II+and III Total Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Nuclear reactor technologies in China CNP300: Qinshan phase I, China's first indigenously-designed, Constructed from late 1980, exporting to Pakistan CNP300: Qinshan phase I, China's first indigenously-designed, Constructed from late 1980, exporting to Pakistan CNP600: Qinshan phase II CNP1000: China National Nuclear Corporation, developed from Qinshan CNP-600 units CNP1000: China National Nuclear Corporation, developed from Qinshan CNP-600 units Qinshan phase II Qinshan phase I Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Nuclear reactor technologies in China (Continued) CANDU 6: Qinshan Phase III, supplied by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) CANDU 6: Qinshan Phase III, supplied by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) M310: Daya Bay, PWRs imported from France VVER: Tianwan, Russia's AES-91, Tianwan units 3 & 4 will use the same version of the VVER-1000 VVER: Tianwan, Russia's AES-91, Tianwan units 3 & 4 will use the same version of the VVER-1000 Qinshan Phase III CPR1000: China Guangdong Nuclear Power Cooperation, Lingao, Advanced CPR1000 CPR1000: China Guangdong Nuclear Power Cooperation, Lingao, Advanced CPR1000 Daya Bay Tianwan Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Nuclear reactor technologies in China (continued) SFR: Fast neutron reactors, located in CIAE, achieved its first criticality in Jul 21, 2010 SFR: Fast neutron reactors, located in CIAE, achieved its first criticality in Jul 21, 2010 AP1000: Generation III technology, first four Westinghouse AP1000 reactors are being built at Sanmen and Haiyang AP1000: Generation III technology, first four Westinghouse AP1000 reactors are being built at Sanmen and Haiyang EPR: Generation III technology, two Areva EPR reactors are being built at Taishan EPR: Generation III technology, two Areva EPR reactors are being built at Taishan CEFR (SFR)HTR-10 HTR: High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor, designed by INET of Tsinghua University, pebble bed fuel, HTR-PM HTR: High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor, designed by INET of Tsinghua University, pebble bed fuel, HTR-PM Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Nuclear reactor technologies in China (Summary) Summary:  PWR was the major reactor type, but not the unique reactor type.  The reactors under construction are mainly generation II+ and III. Summary:  PWR was the major reactor type, but not the unique reactor type.  The reactors under construction are mainly generation II+ and III. News: Aug 26, 2010, Lingao Phase II, unit 1 put into operation Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Nuclear equipment manufacture Three nuclear equipment manufacturing bases gradually formed Supply pressure vessels, steam generators, turbines, regulators Northeast Shanghai Sichuan Harbin Electric Corporaiton Product: AP1000 steam turbine, Reactor: Haiyang, Sanmen Dongfang Electric Corporaiton, Product: Steam generator and turbine Reactor: Fuqing, Fangjiashan Shanghai Electric Corporaiton, Product: Steam generator, pressure vessel, nuclear island components Reactor:Qinshan II, Lingao II Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Advanced reactors ---CEFR CEFR: China Experimental Fast Reactor A project of National High Technology R&D Program (863 Program) CoolantThermal powerElectric power Na65MW20MW Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Advanced reactors---CEFR (Continued) Three phases plan of fast reactor in China CEFR: China Experiment Fast Reactor Jul 21, 2010 ， CEFR achieved criticality Next step: Connected to the grid before Jun 30, 2011 CEFR Experimental Fast reactor CDFR Demonstration Fast Reactor CCFR Commercial Fast Reactor 12 3 Cooperation with Russia Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Advanced reactors---HTR HTR: High temperature gas cooled reactor HTR-10: A project of National High Technology R&D Program (863 Program) 2000, achieved its first criticality 2002, connected to grid 2003, reached rated power Coolant Helium Thermal power 10MW Fuel element Pebble bed Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Advanced reactors---HTR (Continued) HTR: High temperature gas cooled reactor Two projects under development: HTR-10GT, HTR-PM HTR-10GT HTR-PM Thermal power:500MW Two reactors drive one turbine Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Nuclear Fuel Cycle Strategy: Closed nuclear fuel cycle system China has primarily established a nuclear fuel cycle system covering uranium exploration, mining and milling, conversion, isotope separation, nuclear fuel element manufacture and spent fuel reprocessing. Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Establishing a closed nuclear fuel cycle, is very important to realize sustainable development of nuclear energy and protect environment Nuclear Fuel Cycle (continued) Spent fuel reprocessing In March 2010, hot commissioning of the pilot spent fuel reprocessing plant was started. In Feb 2010, Large-scale commercial spent fuel reprocessing factory (LSFRB) project listed in “Sixteen National Significant S&T Projects” was launched officially. Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Contents Government Policy Government Policy Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Current Status Current Status Conclusions Conclusions

Future Plan Nuclear power capacity are officially estimated to be 80 GWe by 2020, 200 GWe by 2030 and 400 GWe by installed nuclear capacity (GWe) Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Current Status Current Status Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Conclusions Conclusions

Contents Government Policy Government Policy Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Current Status Current Status Conclusions Conclusions

Conclusions China is actively promoting nuclear power, to meet the requirements of energy consumption, low carbon emission for sustainable development. China is actively promoting nuclear power, to meet the requirements of energy consumption, low carbon emission for sustainable development. PWRs will be the majority of reactor type in China, including Generation II+ and III. PWRs will be the majority of reactor type in China, including Generation II+ and III. Three nuclear equipment manufacture bases are established, which can supply most components of NPPs. Three nuclear equipment manufacture bases are established, which can supply most components of NPPs. China Experimental Fast Reactor achieved its first criticality. The establishment of the closed nuclear fuel cycle system is now in progress. China Experimental Fast Reactor achieved its first criticality. The establishment of the closed nuclear fuel cycle system is now in progress. Government’s Policy Government’s Policy Nuclear Reactor Technology Nuclear Reactor Technology Future Plan Future Plan Current Status Current Status Conclusions Conclusions

References China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC), China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC), China Guangdong Nuclear Power Holding Corporation (CGNPC), China Guangdong Nuclear Power Holding Corporation (CGNPC), State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation Ltd. (SNPTC), State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation Ltd. (SNPTC), China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), World Nuclear Association (WNA), World Nuclear Association (WNA),

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