Hazardous Attitudes Dr Claude Preitner - Senior Medical Officer CAA

Definition  at·ti·tude (t-td, -tyd) n.  1. A position of the body or manner of carrying oneself: stood in a graceful attitude. See Synonyms at posture.posture  2. The orientation of an aircraft's axes relative to a reference line or plane, such as the horizon.  3. A state of mind or a feeling or disposition: Having a positive attitude about work of being arrogant or hostile.  4. The orientation of a spacecraft relative to its direction of motion.  5. A position similar to an arabesque in which a ballet dancer stands on one leg with the other raised either in front or in back and bent at the knee.

Not so good Hazardous Great

“Give me the child before age 7 and I will give you the man”  Francis Xavier, born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta (7 April 1506 – 3 December 1552) was a pioneering Roman Catholic missionary born in the Kingdom of Navarre and co- founder of the Society of Jesus = Jesuits.

Carl Gustav Jung 26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961  Swiss psychiatrist, an influential thinker and the founder of Analytical Psychology (psycho- analysis)

Definition  Attitude is one of Jung’s 57 definitions in Chapter XI of Psychology types. Jung's definition of attitude is a  "readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way" (Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 687). Attitudes very often come in pairs, one conscious and the other unconscious. Within this broad definition Jung defines several attitudes.

Openness (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious). Appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, curiosity, and variety of experience. Personality – 5 characteristics (Jung)

Conscientiousness – (efficient/organized vs. easy-going/careless). A tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement and planned rather than spontaneous behaviour. Personality – 5 characteristics (Jung)

Extraversion – (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved). Energy, positive emotions, urgency, and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others. Personality– 5 characteristics (Jung)

Agreeableness – (friendly/compassionate vs. cold/unkind). A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. Personality– 5 characteristics (Jung)-

Neuroticism – (sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident). A tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability Personality - – 5 characteristics (Jung)

Personality – Nature vs Nurture ~ 50% – 50%  Openness to Experience 57%  Extraversion 54%  Conscientiousness 49%  Neuroticism 48%  Agreeableness 42%

Type A and Type B personality S anguine quick, impulsive, and relatively short-lived reactions. (hot/wet) phlegmatic a longer response-delay, but short-lived esponse. (cold/wet) choleric short response time-delay, but response sustained for a relatively long time. (hot/dry) melancholic (Also called "Melancholy") long response time-delay, response sustained at length, if not, seemingly, permanently. (cold/dry) Other models

Other common model

FAA - Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) Oklahoma City Pilot medical certification Aerospace medical education Aerospace medical and human factors research Aviation industry drug and alcohol testing Occupational Health

Attitude in aviation - Aeronautical Decision Making FAA Research on ADM showing (1987) : training in ADM  10 – 50 % less ADM related accident.  FAA publication on Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM): AC #60-22 (December 1991)  Approach to risk management  How Attitude affects ADM  Attitude self-profiling  How attitude can be changed

Definitions (AC #60-22)  ADM: Systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in a given set of circumstances  Personality is the embodiment of personal traits and characteristic of an individual that are set at a very early age and extremely resistant to change

Attitude  Attitude is a personal motivational predisposition to respond to persons, situation, or events in a given manner.  Attitude management is the ability to recognisee hazardous attitudes in oneself and the willingness to modify them as necessary  FAA recognises 5 hazardous attitudes in aviation

Antiauthority  Don’t tell me what to do Antidote  Follow the rules

Invulnerability  It want happen to me Antidote  It could happen to me

Macho  I can do it Antidote:  Taking chances is foolish

Impulsivity  Do something quickly Antidote  Not so fast I want this now

Resignation  What’s the use ? Antidote  I am not helpless, I can make a difference Well so be it !

What is this guy’s attitude ?

Example of Good Attitude  All who are practically concerned with aerial navigation agree that the safety of the operator is more important to successful experimentation than any other point.  The history of past investigation demonstrates that greater prudence is needed rather than greater skill. (Wilbur Wright – 1901 – two 2 years before first flight)

Attitude Change  Attitudes are relatively constant but not necessarily permanent  Role of experience  Attitude change through cognition (learning)  Attitude change through emotions

Conclusion Good ADM depends on:  Safe attitude:  Is knowing one’s attitude  Ability to modify one’s attitude  Ability to cope with stress  Learning the pitfalls  Avoiding the pitfalls

Steps for good ADM  Identifying personal hazardous attitudes  Learning behavioural modification techniques  Learning how to recognise and cope with stress  Develop risk assessment skills  Using all resources  Evaluating the effectiveness of one’s ADM skills

Knowing Operational Pitfalls  Flying when unwell  Neglect of preparation  Peer pressure  Mind set  Get-there-itis  Duck under syndrome (IFR approach)  Scud running  VFR in IMC  Getting behind aircraft  Loss of situational awareness  Low fuel reserve  Descent below minima – en route  Flying outside the aircraft envelope

Resource  FAA – AC #  Will help you with passing on the message to sudents

Safe attitude is also about acknowledging what we don’t know What I know What I know I know What I Don’t want to know What I don’t know I know What I don’t know I don’t know What I know I don’t know What I think I know

Example of Good Attitude  All who are practically concerned with aerial navigation agree that the safety of the operator is more important to successful experimentation than any other point.  The history of past investigation demonstrates that greater prudence is needed rather than greater skill. (Wilbur Wright – 1901 – two 2 years before first flight)

Herman Geiger Herman Geiger

Rosa Blanche Glacier – ’000 ft Dr Preitner Senior Questions ?