 Pentecost – Mary in the Upper Room  Mary in the Early Church  Theotokos, Ever-Virgin, New Eve  Mary in the Middle Ages  Mary and the Protestant Reformation  Mary and the Modern Church- Vatican II  The Marian Dogmas

 Pentecost: The Birth of the Church  Mary is joined with the Disciples in Prayer  She is there at the command of her Son…”behold your mother.” When they entered the city they went to the upper room where they were staying, Peter and John and James and Andrew, Philip and Thomas, Bartholomew and Matthew, James son of Alpheus, Simon the Zealot, and Judas son of James. All these devoted themselves with one accord to prayer, together with some women, and Mary the mother of Jesus, and his brothers.... (there was a group of about 120 persons in the one place). (Acts 1:13-15)

Luke / Acts Luke / Acts At the Annunciation she accepts the role of Mother of God At the Annunciation she accepts the role of Mother of God At Pentecost she receives the role of Mother of the Church At Pentecost she receives the role of Mother of the Church At Nazareth, Mary received the Holy Spirit and was empowered to carry Christ within her womb At Nazareth, Mary received the Holy Spirit and was empowered to carry Christ within her womb At Pentecost she receives the Holy Spirit to fulfill her role as the First Disciple At Pentecost she receives the Holy Spirit to fulfill her role as the First Disciple At Bethlehem she carried the infant Christ At Bethlehem she carried the infant Christ At Pentecost she carries the infant Church At Pentecost she carries the infant Church

Pauline Writings Pauline Writings Paul never mentions Mary by name Paul never mentions Mary by name Paul’s use of Mary to explain Christ historically Paul’s use of Mary to explain Christ historically Galatians – “born of a woman” Galatians – “born of a woman” Paul uses the concept of the New Adam to speak about Christ – (Romans) Paul uses the concept of the New Adam to speak about Christ – (Romans) Early Church began to speak of Mary as the Early Church began to speak of Mary as the “New Eve” i s was the first title given to Mary “New Eve” i s was the first title given to Mary

Theotokos Theotokos Elizabeth's cry, "And why is this, that the mother of my Lord should come to me?", Elizabeth's cry, "And why is this, that the mother of my Lord should come to me?", Definition of Mary as the Mother of God was established as a touchstone of orthodoxy. – Ephesus 431 AD and Chalcedon 451 AD Definition of Mary as the Mother of God was established as a touchstone of orthodoxy. – Ephesus 431 AD and Chalcedon 451 AD Definition “Mother of God” Definition “Mother of God” Speaks of Jesus Divinity Speaks of Jesus Divinity

Luke 1:34 "How shall this be done, for I know not man." Luke 1:34 "How shall this be done, for I know not man." Matthew 1 :25 “and knew her not until she had brought forth her firstborn Son. And he called His name JESUS.” Matthew 1 :25 “and knew her not until she had brought forth her firstborn Son. And he called His name JESUS.” The New Testament references Jesus' adelphoi, which can mean either "brothers" or "kinsfolk" (not cousins) The New Testament references Jesus' adelphoi, which can mean either "brothers" or "kinsfolk" (not cousins) In 107, Ignatius of Antioch described the virginity of Mary as "hidden from the prince of this world… loudly proclaimed, but wrought in the silence of God". In 107, Ignatius of Antioch described the virginity of Mary as "hidden from the prince of this world… loudly proclaimed, but wrought in the silence of God". Fifth Ecumenical Council of Constantinople in 553 Fifth Ecumenical Council of Constantinople in 553 Before, during and after the Birth of Jesus Before, during and after the Birth of Jesus

Representations of Mary tell the story… Representations of Mary tell the story… Eastern Church Eastern Church Mary is the gateway to Christ Mary is the gateway to Christ It is Mary who presents her Son to the world It is Mary who presents her Son to the world The Virgin Hodegetria The Virgin Hodegetria ACTIVE ROLE ACTIVE ROLE Representations of Mary reflect culture and time Representations of Mary reflect culture and time

Representations of Mary tell the story… Representations of Mary tell the story… Western Church portrays Mary as the Throne of Wisdom – Ark of the Covenant Western Church portrays Mary as the Throne of Wisdom – Ark of the Covenant New Titles develop New Titles develop Once attributed to the Holy Spirit Once attributed to the Holy Spirit “Seat of Wisdom” “Seat of Wisdom” Morning Star Morning Star All Chaste All Chaste All Fair and Immaculate All Fair and Immaculate The Rosary – St. Dominic 1214 AD The Rosary – St. Dominic 1214 AD The Angelus – 1254 AD The Angelus – 1254 AD

A positive result A positive result Improved perception of women across society. Improved perception of women across society. Church approval of the veneration of Mary, and a view of her as the intercessor for sins, led to more respect for women, particularly those from the upper reaches of society. Church approval of the veneration of Mary, and a view of her as the intercessor for sins, led to more respect for women, particularly those from the upper reaches of society.

Reformers such as Martin Luther, John Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli Reformers such as Martin Luther, John Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli Maintained the ancient dogmas concerning – Mother of God, Ever Virgin, The Assumption, The Immaculate Conception Maintained the ancient dogmas concerning – Mother of God, Ever Virgin, The Assumption, The Immaculate Conception Later reformers lessened the significance of Mary’s role in salvation history because it was stressed by the Roman Catholic Church Later reformers lessened the significance of Mary’s role in salvation history because it was stressed by the Roman Catholic Church Saw contradiction in the Roman Catholic View that Mary was in any way involved in the mediation of Grace Saw contradiction in the Roman Catholic View that Mary was in any way involved in the mediation of Grace

Catholic Counter Reformation Catholic Counter Reformation Resurgence of Marian devotions Resurgence of Marian devotions Stress placed on Marian virtues Stress placed on Marian virtues Patience, purity, maternity, endurance, virginity Patience, purity, maternity, endurance, virginity Francis de Sales, Theresa of Avila, John of the Cross Francis de Sales, Theresa of Avila, John of the Cross Refocused image of Mary as disciple and image of the Church Refocused image of Mary as disciple and image of the Church Mary as Protector and Mediator Mary as Protector and Mediator

The Immaculate Conception of Mary The Immaculate Conception of Mary Defines that Mary was without original sin and actual sin Defines that Mary was without original sin and actual sin Rational: How could anyone but a holy soul, holy since conception and throughout her whole life Rational: How could anyone but a holy soul, holy since conception and throughout her whole life Mary was filled with every grace because she bore in her womb the fountain of all graces, Jesus Christ Mary was filled with every grace because she bore in her womb the fountain of all graces, Jesus Christ Immaculate Conception defined by Pope Pius IX in 1854 Immaculate Conception defined by Pope Pius IX in 1854 The Assumption The Assumption Linked to “full of Grace” and by reason of Christ’s own death and Resurrection and Ascention "having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory." Mary was transported into Heaven with her body and soul united. Doctrine was defined by Pope Pius XII on November 1, 1950 Doctrine was defined by Pope Pius XII on November 1, 1950

The Assumption of Mary into Heaven body and soul The Assumption of Mary into Heaven body and soul Linked to “full of Grace” and by reason of Christ’s own death and Resurrection and Ascention Linked to “full of Grace” and by reason of Christ’s own death and Resurrection and Ascention "having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory." "having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory." Mary was transported into Heaven with her body and soul united. Mary was transported into Heaven with her body and soul united. Doctrine was defined by Pope Pius XII on November 1, 1950 Doctrine was defined by Pope Pius XII on November 1, 1950

Mary as a fellow member of the Church, not as a semi- divine being Mary as a fellow member of the Church, not as a semi- divine being Go back to what the scriptures state about Mary Go back to what the scriptures state about Mary Warned Catholics not to place belief in Mary's power of intercession over their belief in Jesus Christ as the one mediator between God and humans. Warned Catholics not to place belief in Mary's power of intercession over their belief in Jesus Christ as the one mediator between God and humans. Model of a Christian, but she does not have any special powers. Model of a Christian, but she does not have any special powers.

Queen of Heaven, rejoice, alleluia. For He whom you did merit to bear, alleluia. Has risen, as He said, alleluia. Pray for us to God, alleluia. Rejoice and be glad, O Virgin Mary, alleluia. For the Lord has truly risen, alleluia. Let us pray. O God, who gave joy to the world through the resurrection of Thy Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, grant we beseech Thee, that through the intercession of the Virgin Mary, His Mother, we may obtain the joys of everlasting life. Through the same Christ our Lord. Amen