TRAINING Training is a planned programme designed to improve performance and bring about measurable changes in knowledge, skills, attitude and social behaviour of employees.

Training is an on-going process. Training is essential for job success. It can lead to higher production, fewer mistakes, greater job satisfaction and lower turnover.

Features of Training  Increases knowledge and skills for doing a particular job  Focuses attention on the individual job  Concentrates on individual employees  Gives importance to short term performance

Responsibility for training Top mgmt. – which frames the training. Policy HR department – which plans, establishes & evaluates instructional programs. Supervisors – who implement & apply dev. Procedure Employees – who provide feedback, revision & suggestions

Types of Training On-the jobOff-the job

On-the-job Training Methods Coaching: Here the supervisor explains things and answers questions; Job Rotation: This kind of training involves the movement of trainee from one job to another. The idea behind this is to give managers the required diversified skills and a broader outlook.

Role playing: This is a development technique requiring the trainee to assume a role in a given situation and act out behaviours associated with that role.

Job Instruction Technique: This is training directly received on the job. Here the trainee receives an overview of the job. The trainer actually demonstrates the job and the trainee is asked to copy the trainer’s way. The trainee, finally, tries to perform the job independently.

Off-the-job Training Methods Sensitivity Training: This is a method of changing behavior through unstructured group interaction. (also known as T-group training, where T stands for training) Features of T-group training  T-Group consists of persons.  A leader acts as a catalyst and provides a free and open environment for discussion  There is no specified agenda  Members express their ideas, feelings and thoughts freely and openly  The focus is on behaviour rather than on duties  The aim is to achieve behaviour effectiveness in transactions with one's environment

11  Apprenticeship training: Most craft workers such as plumbers, carpenters,machinist,tool maker,electrician etc are trained through formal apprenticeship programmes. the trainees are put under the guidance master typically for 2-5 years. In trg. Institutes eg. ITIs (industrial trg. Institute)

12 Internship trg. Joint prg. of trg. in which educational institutions & business firms cooperate. Selected candidates carry on regular studies for prescribed period. Also work in factory/ office to acquire practical knowledge & skills Involves long time Eg. MBBS, CA

Lectures: Lectures are formal presentations on a topic by an experienced and knowledgeable person. The presentation is generally supported by discussions, case studies, audio-visual aids and film shows.

Case Study: The participant is asked to take up a simulated business problem and take appropriate decisions. Vestibule Training: It occurs off the job on equipment or methods that are highly similar to those used on the job. Duplicate on the job situations in a co.s classroom. Trainee can concentrate on learning new skill rather than performing on actual job.

Conferences: A conference is a meeting of people to discuss a subject of common interest. The participants exchange notes, opinions and ideas on the subject in a systematic and planner manner.

TRAINING PROCESS

Development The basic purpose of development is to improve managerial performance by imparting knowledge, changing attitudes or increasing skills. Training certainly helps in improving job-related skills but when the intent is to enhance executives’ ability to handle diverse jobs and prepare them for future challenges the focus must shift to executive development.

Executive Development Process Analysis of organizational development needs Appraisal of present managerial capabilities Inventory of executive talent (in terms of age, service, education, experience etc Planning of individual development programmes Devising appropriate development programmes Evaluating results

Training vs. executive development

Methods of executive development

 In-basket exercise: The trainee is asked to look into a number of papers such as memoranda, reports, telephone messages that typically confront a manager and respond appropriately.  Business games: It is a learning exercise representing a real-life situation where trainees compete with each other to achieve specific objectives. Methods/techniques

 On the job experience: This is a kind of class room learning where the trainee learns by actually doing things under the supervision of an experienced supervisor. Such methods are highly useful for certain groups like scientific and technical personnel  Behaviour modelling: This is an approach that demonstrates desired behaviour and gives trainees the chance to practice and role-play those behaviours and receive feedback.  Coaching: This is a development activity in which a supervisor plays an active role in imparting job knowledge and skills to the trainee. For effective coaching, a healthy and open relationship must exist between employees and their supervisors. Methods/techniques

 Understudy: This is a development method wherein potential managers are given the chance to temporarily relieve an experienced manager of part of hi job and act as his substitute during the period, giving him vital insights into the overall job that would make him the automatic choice in the succession process.  Multiple management: It is a system in which permanent advisory committees of managers study problems of the company (thereby gaining first hand experience of various important aspects of business) and make recommendations to higher management. Methods/techniques

 Special courses, meetings, readings: In addition to the above, managers could also benefit by attending workshops organised by academic institutions, attending special meetings organised by various government and voluntary organisations and by reading specific articles relevant to their respective fields.  Special projects: In this method, a trainee is put on a project closely related to the objectives of the department.  Committee assignment: In this method, an adhoc committee is appointed to discuss, evaluate and offer suggestions relating to an important aspect of business.  Conferences: A conference is a meeting of people to discuss a subject of common interest. The participants exchange notes, opinions and ideas on the subject in a systematic and planner manner. Methods/techniques

 Lectures: Lectures are formal presentations on a topic by an experienced and knowledgeable person. The presentation is generally supported by discussions, case studies, audio-visual aids and film shows.  Group discussion: In this method, papers are presented by two or three trainees on a selected topic, followed by thought- provoking discussions.  Programmed instruction: This is a learner-oriented technique which presents subject matter to the trainees in small sequential steps requiring frequent responses from the trainee and immediately offering him of their accuracy or otherwise. Methods/techniques