T HE R EPUBLIC OF U ZBEKISTAN T HE M INISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY EDUCATION FERGHANA STATE UNIVERSITY COURSE WORK SUBJECT : Z OOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS BY :A HMEDOVA D ILOBAR GROUP 231 Theme: The mini world of poli-celled animals. The high class of parazoas. Types of sponges,general classification of sponges, breeding, contamination, larvas, gemullas.

T HE TYPES OF SPONGES., Sponges (Phylum Porifera) are a group of simple aquaticinvertebrates that include glass sponges, demisponges, and calcareous sponges. Adult sponges are sessile animals that live attached to hard rocky surfaces, shells, or submerged objects. The larvae are cilliated, free-swimming creatures. Most sponges inhabit marine environments but a few species live in freshwater habitats. Sponges are primitive multicelluar animals that have no digestive system, no circulatory system, and no nervous system. They do not have organs and their cells are not organized into well-defined tissues.invertebrates, Sponges (Phylum Porifera) are a group of simple aquaticinvertebrates that include glass sponges, demisponges, and calcareous sponges. Adult sponges are sessile animals that live attached to hard rocky surfaces, shells, or submerged objects. The larvae are cilliated, free-swimming creatures. Most sponges inhabit marine environments but a few species live in freshwater habitats. Sponges are primitive multicelluar animals that have no digestive system, no circulatory system, and no nervous system. They do not have organs and their cells are not organized into well-defined tissues.invertebrates 2

. There are three subgroups of sponges. The glass sponges (Class Hexactinellida) have a skeleton that consists of fragile, glass-like spicules that are made of silica. The demosponges (Class Demospongiae) are often vibrantly colored and can grow to be the largest of all sponges. The demosponges account for more than 90 percent of all living sponge species. The calcarious sponges (Class Calcarea) are the only group of sponges to have spicules that are made of calcium carbonate. Calcarious sponges are often smaller than other sponges.. There are three subgroups of sponges. The glass sponges (Class Hexactinellida) have a skeleton that consists of fragile, glass-like spicules that are made of silica. The demosponges (Class Demospongiae) are often vibrantly colored and can grow to be the largest of all sponges. The demosponges account for more than 90 percent of all living sponge species. The calcarious sponges (Class Calcarea) are the only group of sponges to have spicules that are made of calcium carbonate. Calcarious sponges are often smaller than other sponges. 3

T HEORIES.. The body of a sponge is like a sac that is perforated with lots of small openings or pores. The body wall consists of three layers: an outer layer of flat epidermal cells a middle layer that consists of gelatinous substance and amoeboid cells that migrate within the layer an inner layer that consists of flagillated cells and collar cells (also called choanocytes). The body of a sponge is like a sac that is perforated with lots of small openings or pores. The body wall consists of three layers: an outer layer of flat epidermal cells a middle layer that consists of gelatinous substance and amoeboid cells that migrate within the layer an inner layer that consists of flagillated cells and collar cells (also called choanocytes) 4

. Sponges are filter feeders. They draw water in through the pores located throughout their body wall into a central cavity. The central cavity is lined with collar cells which have a ring of tentacles that surround a flagellum. Movement of the flagellum creates current that keeps water flowing through the central cavity and out of a hole at the top of the sponge called the osculum. As water passes over the collar cells, food is captured by the collar cell's ring of tentacles. Once absorbed, food is digested in food vacuoles or transferred to the amoeboid cells in the middle layer of the body wall for digestion.. Sponges are filter feeders. They draw water in through the pores located throughout their body wall into a central cavity. The central cavity is lined with collar cells which have a ring of tentacles that surround a flagellum. Movement of the flagellum creates current that keeps water flowing through the central cavity and out of a hole at the top of the sponge called the osculum. As water passes over the collar cells, food is captured by the collar cell's ring of tentacles. Once absorbed, food is digested in food vacuoles or transferred to the amoeboid cells in the middle layer of the body wall for digestion. 5

.T HE TYPE OF SPONGIA. The water current also delivers a constant supply of oxygen to the sponge and removes nitrogenous waste products. Water exits the sponge throuhg the large opening at the top of the body called the osculum. Classification: Kingdom: AnimaliaAnimalia Phylum: Porifera The Phylumn Porifera contains the following subgroups: Class: Calcarea (calcarious sponges) Class: Demospongiae (demosponges) Class: Hexactinellida (glass sponges). The water current also delivers a constant supply of oxygen to the sponge and removes nitrogenous waste products. Water exits the sponge throuhg the large opening at the top of the body called the osculum. Classification: Kingdom: AnimaliaAnimalia Phylum: Porifera The Phylumn Porifera contains the following subgroups: Class: Calcarea (calcarious sponges) Class: Demospongiae (demosponges) Class: Hexactinellida (glass sponges) 6

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T HE STRUCTURE OF CLOUDS. Sponges (poriferans) are very simple animals that live permanently attached to a location in the water - they are sessile as adults. There are from 5,000 to 10,000 known species of sponges. Most sponges live in salt water - only about 150 species live in fresh water. Sponges evolved over 500 million years ago.sessile. Sponges (poriferans) are very simple animals that live permanently attached to a location in the water - they are sessile as adults. There are from 5,000 to 10,000 known species of sponges. Most sponges live in salt water - only about 150 species live in fresh water. Sponges evolved over 500 million years ago.sessile 8

. Anatomy: The body of a sponge has two outer layers separated by an acellular (having no cells) gel layer called the mesohyl (also called the mesenchyme). In the gel layer are either spicules (supportive needles made of calcium carbonate) or spongin fibers (a flexible skeletal material made from protein). Sponges have neither tissues nor organs. Different sponges form different shapes, including tubes, fans, cups, cones, blobs, barrels, and crusts. These invertebrates range in size from a few millimeters to 2 meters tall.invertebrates The body of this primitive animal has thousands of pores which let water flow through it continually. Sponges obtain nourishment and oxygen from this flowing water.. Anatomy: The body of a sponge has two outer layers separated by an acellular (having no cells) gel layer called the mesohyl (also called the mesenchyme). In the gel layer are either spicules (supportive needles made of calcium carbonate) or spongin fibers (a flexible skeletal material made from protein). Sponges have neither tissues nor organs. Different sponges form different shapes, including tubes, fans, cups, cones, blobs, barrels, and crusts. These invertebrates range in size from a few millimeters to 2 meters tall.invertebrates The body of this primitive animal has thousands of pores which let water flow through it continually. Sponges obtain nourishment and oxygen from this flowing water. 9

T HE TYPES OF HOLLOWEDS The three main types of holloweds are: askon(a), sikon(b) and leykon(v). 10

. Diet: Sponges are filter feeders. Most sponges eat tiny, floating organic particles and plankton that they filter from the water the flows through their body. Food is collected in specialized cells called choanocytes and brought to other cells by amoebocytesplanktonchoanocytesamoebocytes 11.

T HE CONSTRUCTION OF SPONGES 12

If a sperm is caught by another sponge's collar cells (choanocytes), fertilization of an egg by the traveling sperm takes place inside the sponge. The resulting tiny larva is released and is free- swimming; it uses tiny cilia (hairs ) to propel itself through the water. The larva eventually settles on the sea floor, becomes sessile and grows into an adult.choanocytes If a sperm is caught by another sponge's collar cells (choanocytes), fertilization of an egg by the traveling sperm takes place inside the sponge. The resulting tiny larva is released and is free- swimming; it uses tiny cilia (hairs ) to propel itself through the water. The larva eventually settles on the sea floor, becomes sessile and grows into an adult.choanocytes 13

T HE ELEMENTS OF THE CELL Classification: Kingdom Animalia (animals) Phylum Porifera (sponges) Classes : Calcarea (calcerous sponges - having spicules), Demospongiae (horn sponges, like the bath sponge), Scleropongiae (coralline or tropical reef sponges), and Hexactinellida (glass sponges).. Some sponges also reproduce asexually; fragments of their body (buds) are broken off by water currents and carried to another location, where the sponge will grow into a clone of the parent sponge (its DNA is identical to the parent's DNA). Classification: Kingdom Animalia (animals) Phylum Porifera (sponges) Classes : Calcarea (calcerous sponges - having spicules), Demospongiae (horn sponges, like the bath sponge), Scleropongiae (coralline or tropical reef sponges), and Hexactinellida (glass sponges).. Some sponges also reproduce asexually; fragments of their body (buds) are broken off by water currents and carried to another location, where the sponge will grow into a clone of the parent sponge (its DNA is identical to the parent's DNA). 14

T HE PHYSIOLOGY OF HOLLOWEDS 15

. Glossary of Sponge Terms: archaeocytes (amoebocytes) - Cells with pseudopods, located in the mesohyl. They are used in processing food, distributing it to other cells, and for other functions. benthic - living at or near the bottom of the seas. choanocyte - also called collar cells, choanocytes line the inner cavity of the sponge. They have a sticky, funnel-shaped collar (that collects food particles) and a flagellum (which whips around, moving water). The sponge obtains its nutrients and oxygen by processing flowing water using choanocytes. Choanocytes are also involved in sponge reproduction; they catch floating sperm. 16

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T HE SKELETON STRUCTURE OF HOLLOWEDS. epidermis (pinacocyte) - the epidermis is the layer of cells that covers the outer surface of the sponge. The thin, flattened cells of the epidermis are called pinacocytes. flagellum - the whip-like structure of a choanocyte; the flagellum moves, pushing water (which contains nourishment) through the sponge. hermaphrodite - an animal in which each adult can act as either the female or the male in reproduction. holdfast - root-like tendrils that attach the sponge to rocks. invertebrate - an animal without a backbone. mesohyl (mesenchyme) - the gelatinous layer between the outer body of the sponge and the spongocoel (the inner cavity). 18

T HE DIFFERENT SKELETON TYPES OF HOLLOWEDS 19

. THE BREEDING OF HOLLOWEDS. osculum - a large opening in a sponge through which water flows out of the sponge. Sponges may have more than one oscula. ostia - a series of tiny pores all over the body of a sponge that let water into the sponge. One of these is called an ostium. pinacocyte - pinacocytes are the thin, flattened cells of the epidermis, the sponge's outer layer of cells. porocyte - cells with pores that allow water into the sponge; they are located all over the sponge's body. sessile - permanently attached to a substrate and unable to move on its own. Adult sponges are sessile. 20

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Jinsiy ko‘payish bulutlar tanasida amyobatsitlardan tuxum hujayrasi va spermatozoidlar hosil bo‘lishi orqali boradi. Germafrodit turlarda ularning ikkalasi ham har bir individning mezogleyasida hosil bo‘lsa, ayrim jinslilarda esa tuxum hujayralar va spermatozoidlar har xil individlarda rivojlanadi. Otalanish ona organizmida spermatozoidlarning suv oqimi orqali kirishi natijasida ro‘y beradi. Zigotadan kiprikli ko‘p hujayrali lichinka paydo bo‘ladi. Lichinkalar ona organizmidan tashqariga chiqib, biror suv substratiga yopishib, voyaga etgan bulutga aylanadi. Bulutlarda nafas olish va ayirish jarayonlari tana yuzasi orqali kechadi. 22

K O ’ PAYISH JARAYONINING KECHISHI 23

G’ OVAKTANLILAR GEMULLASINING MIKROSKOPDAGI UMUMIY KO ’ RINISHI 24

Jinsiy ko‘payish bulutlar tanasida amyobatsitlardan tuxum hujayrasi va spermatozoidlar hosil bo‘lishi orqali boradi. Germafrodit turlarda ularning ikkalasi ham har bir individning mezogleyasida hosil bo‘lsa, ayrim jinslilarda esa tuxum hujayralar va spermatozoidlar har xil individlarda rivojlanadi. Otalanish ona organizmida spermatozoidlarning suv oqimi orqali kirishi natijasida ro‘y beradi. Zigotadan kiprikli ko‘p hujayrali lichinka paydo bo‘ladi. Lichinkalar ona organizmidan tashqariga chiqib, biror suv substratiga yopishib, voyaga etgan bulutga aylanadi. Bulutlarda nafas olish va ayirish jarayonlari tana yuzasi orqali kechadi. 25

G’ OVAKTANLILAR GEMULASINING RIVOJLANISHI 26

R IVOJLANAYOTGAN G ’ OVAKTANLI ORGANIZM 27

G’ OVAK TANLILARNING XILMA - XILLIGI Bulutlar tipi 3 ta sinfni tashkil etadi: 1.Ohakli bulutlar - Calcarea - asosan dengiz bulutlari. 2.SHishasimon yoki kremniy bulutlar - Triaxonida - asosan dengiz bulutlari, balandligi 50 sm gacha, (ayrimlarining tanasi silindr shaklida, balandligi 1 m.gacha), erga sanchilgan ignasi esa 3 m gacha. 3.Oddiy bulutlar ko‘l va turli suv havzalarida uchraydi. Bulutlar tipi 3 ta sinfni tashkil etadi: 1.Ohakli bulutlar - Calcarea - asosan dengiz bulutlari. 2.SHishasimon yoki kremniy bulutlar - Triaxonida - asosan dengiz bulutlari, balandligi 50 sm gacha, (ayrimlarining tanasi silindr shaklida, balandligi 1 m.gacha), erga sanchilgan ignasi esa 3 m gacha. 3.Oddiy bulutlar ko‘l va turli suv havzalarida uchraydi. 28

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Skeleti to’rt o’qli, uch o’qli yoki bir o’qli ohak ninalardan iborat. Dengizlarning uncha chuqur bo’lmagan joylarida uchraydi, tanasi uncha yirik bo’lmaydi. Askon, sikon va leykon tipidan tuzilgan. Asosiy turlari Sycon, Leucon urug’lariga kiradi. 30 Ohak skeletli g’ovaktanlilar (Calcarea) sinfi

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O HAKSIMON BILITLARNING XILMA - XILLIGI 32

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B U KABI OHAKSIMON BULUTLAR 10 SMGACHA KO ’ TARILIB O ’ SADI 35

S HISHASIMON SKELETLI G ’ OVAKTANLILAR (H YALOSPONGIA ) SINFI Kattaligi 50 sm gacha, dengizlarning chuqur qismida yashaydigan hayvonlar. Tanasi naysimon, xaltasimon, ba’zan qadahsimon yoki silindsimon shaklda. Yakka holda yashovchi vakillari sikonoid shaklda. Kremniy ninalari uch o’qli, juda xilma-xil tuzilgan. Ko’pincha nina uchlari yopishib panjara hosil qiladi. Mezogleyasi yaxshi rivojlanmagan. Euplectella avlodiga mansub ayrim turlari 1 m ga yetadigan silindrsimon tanasi uzunligi 3 m gacha bo’lgan ninadan iborat poya yordamida suv tubiga qadalgan bo’ladi. 36

S HISHASIMON SKELETLI BULUTLARNING XILMA - XILLIGI 37

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O DDIY G ’ OVAKTANLILAR (D EMOSPONGIA ) SINFI Ko’pchilik g’ovaktanlilar mana shu sinfga mansub hisoblanadi. Skeleti kremniy yoki spongiydan yoki ularning har ikkalasidan iborat. Bu sinfga mansub to’rt o’qli g’ovaktanlilar turkumi skelet ninalari to’rt o’qli yoki uch o’qli bo’ladi. 41

Oddiy bulutlarga yirik sharsimon geodiyalar (Geodia) va alvon rangli dengiz apelsinlari (Tethya) avlodi, po’kak g’ovak tanlilar (Suberitidae) va parmalovchi g’ovaktanlilar (Clionidae) oilasi kiradi. 42

Bu sinfning kremniy- muguz skeletlilar (Demospongia) turkumida tualet g’ovaktanlisi zimovka va bodyagalar (Spongellidae oilasi) kiradi. Chuchuk suv havzalarida, jumladan O’zbekistonda chuchuk suv g’ovaktanlisi bodyaga (Spongilla) avlodiga mansub turlar keng tarqalgan. 43

T UALET G ’ OVAKTANLISI ZIMOVKA 44

O DDIY BULUTLARNING XILMA - XILLIGI 45

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G’ OVAKTANLILAR EKOLOGIYASI VA AMALIY AHAMIYATI Ko’pchilik g’ovaktanlilar okeanlarning iliq suvli tropik va subtropik qismida uncha chuqur bo’lmagan toshloq joylarda yashaydi. Ular arktika va subarktika suvlarida birmuncha kamroq uchraydi. Loyqa suv g’ovaktanlilar nay sistemasini yopib qo’yadi. Shuning uchun ular balchiqli loyqalanadigan suvlarda ko’p uchramaydi. 50

Bunday joylarda uchraydigan turlarning suv tubidan yuqori ko’tarib turuvchi gigant spikulalari bo’ladi. Sohilning suv ko’tarilib- qaytib turadigan qismida yashaydigan g’ovaktanlilar biror narsaga yopishib bo’rtma, yostiqcha yoki qobiqqa o’xshaydi. Suvning chuqur qismida uchraydigan g’ovaktanlilarning kremniyli skeleti qattiq, lekin juda mo’rt, sayoz joyda yashaydigan ko’pchilik g’ovaktanlilarning skeleti ancha mustahkam va pishiq bo’ladi. G’ovaktanlilar suvni har xil mexanik va organik ifloslanishdan saqlaydigan biofiltratorlar sifatida katta ahamiyatga ega. 51

G’ovaktanlilarning iqtisodiy ahamiyati uncha katta emas. Ayrim janubiy mamlakatlarda yumshoq organik skeletli tualet g’ovaktanlilari yuvish va yuvinish uchun, shuningdek har xil texnik maqsadlarda foydalaniladi. Chuchuk suv bodyagasining maydalangan skeletidan bod kasalligida terini ishqalash uchun foydalaniladi. 52

Q IRG ’ OQ G ’ OVAKTANLILARI 53

S UV OSTI G ’ OVAKTANLILARI 54

H’ OVAKTANLILARNING SIMBIOZ YASHASH SHAKLI 55

G’ OVAKTANLILAR FILOGENEYASI G’ovaktanlilar – juda qadimgi organizmlar. Ularning qazilma qoldiqlari kembriy va proterozoy jinslari tarkibida uchraydi. G’ovaktanlilar tuzilishining ko’pgina xususiyatlari, ya’ni to’qima va organlarining ixtisoslashmaganligi, ularning juda sodda tuzilganligidan darak beradi. G’ovaktanlilarning parenximula lichinkasi Mechnikov ko’rsatib bergan fagotsitellaga juda o’xshash bo’ladi. Fagotsitellani o’troq yashashga o’tishi tufayli g’ovaktanlilar paydo bo’lgan deyish mumkin. G’ovaktanlilar – juda qadimgi organizmlar. Ularning qazilma qoldiqlari kembriy va proterozoy jinslari tarkibida uchraydi. G’ovaktanlilar tuzilishining ko’pgina xususiyatlari, ya’ni to’qima va organlarining ixtisoslashmaganligi, ularning juda sodda tuzilganligidan darak beradi. G’ovaktanlilarning parenximula lichinkasi Mechnikov ko’rsatib bergan fagotsitellaga juda o’xshash bo’ladi. Fagotsitellani o’troq yashashga o’tishi tufayli g’ovaktanlilar paydo bo’lgan deyish mumkin. 56

Lekin g’ovaktanlilar embrion yaproqlarini teskari ag’darilishi tufayli, ularning tashqi qavatidagi xivchinli hujayralari botib kirib, ichki yoqachali xivchinli qavat – xoanotsitlarni, ichki hujayralar esa tashqi dermal qavatni hosil qiladi. Bu dalillar g’ovaktanlilar hayvonot olami evolyutsiyasining dastlabki davrlarida, ya’ni embrional varaqalari shakllanishining boshlang’ich davrlarida hayvonlarning umumiy shajarasidan ajralib, mustaqil rivojlanishga o’tgan hayvonlar ekanligini isbot etadi. 57

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