 Origin  Evolution: believed to have evolved from protists  Collar cells: are almost identical to many flagellated protist cells  Uses of collar cells: ▪ Move water, ingest food and excrete waste

 Diversity  Species #: 8300  Variety:  3% live in freshwater  Variety of shapes, sizes and colors  Live at a variety of sea depths

 Kingdom Animalia  Phylum Porifera  They are mostly marine (live in salt water)  # of cells: multicellular (eukaryotic)  Body contains pores, canals and chambers that allow for water flow

 Symmetry: radial  No definite head region  Interior surface: lined with collar cells (choanocyte)  Choanocyte: ▪ a flagellated collar cell that lines the inner surface (mesophyll) of sponges

 Beating flagella  Create water current  Capture food and water particles  Carries away waste

 Collar is made of microvilli  Why? To create a filtering device to collect food

 The food particles then become trapped  How? Taken in by the food vacuoles (where they are stored and digested)

Actual Choanocyte at work

 Efficient? Non-efficient?  Why? ▪ Lots of collar cells working together

 Made of ?  Spicules – calcareous or siliceous, support structures  Spongin – fibrous proteins, made of collagen

Fun fact: When you wash with natural sponges, this is the portion you wash/exfoliate with!

 Reproduce asexually or sexually  By? Budding or gemmules (asexual), sperm and egg (sexual)  Larva: motile, move  Adults: sessile, don’t move Budding Sexual Sponge Love SceneSponge Love Scene #2 Sponge Love Scene #1

1. Asconoid  Def: one large body cavity  Characteristics: ▪ Collar cells line the main body cavity ▪ Contain many pores

2. Syconoid  Def: many canals, water flows through each canal  Characteristics: ▪ Collar cells line canals ▪ Can filter more water

3. Leuconoid  Def: contains chambers  Characteristics:  collar cells line chambers  Often used for shower sponges

 Kingdom: Animalia  Phylum: Porifera  Class Calcarea  Class Hexactinellida  Class Demospongiae

 Spicules  Made of calcium carbonate (like baking soda)  Shape: needle shaped, 3-4 sections/rays  Body types?  All three types represented

 Spicules  Made of? Silica (glass-like)  Description: Six sections/rays  Body types? Asconoid or leuconoid  Often called?  Glass sponges

 Spicules  Made of: silica  Description: don’t have 6 rays  Body types? Leuconoid only  Other characteristics:  Make up 95% of all sponges  Use this type in bath/shower

 Kingdom Animalia  Phylum Cnidaria  Examples:  Hydra, sea anemone, jellyfish, Portuguese-man-o- war, moon jelly, sea pen, coral  Where do they live???  Aquatic (mostly marine/salt-water)

 Symmetry: Radial or biradial  Head region? No definite head region  Two basic types: 1.Polyp: tentacles facing upwards Ex: sea anemone, coral 2.Medusa: tentacles facing downwards Ex: jellyfish, man-o-war

 Polyp –  Lifestyle of polyps? Sessile (do not move)  Body shape? Tubular (tube-like)  Mouth: Surrounded by tentacles (facing up)

 Medusa –  Lifestyle? Mobile/motile (move)  Body shape? Umbrella shaped  Mouth : surrounded by tentacles that face downwards

 Body forms? Most cnidarians exist as BOTH body forms at some point during their life cycle POLYMORPHIC  Reproduction  Polyp: reproduce asexually using budding  Medusa: reproduce sexually using sperm/egg

 Two layered body  Epidermis – ▪ Def: outer part of the body ▪ Derived from? Ectoderm  Gastrodermis – ▪ Def: inner part of the body ▪ Derived from? Endoderm ▪ Lines the gut cavity ▪ Main function: digestion

 Tentacles contain cnidocytes  Function: aid in capture of prey/food  Characteristics: armed with nematocysts  Nematocyst: stinging cell (contains hook/barb used to catch)

 Stinging cells  Contain filament  When do they uncoil? When they are touched by animals (in the environment)  Contain barb or spine  Poisons can be injected

Nematocyst Firing Nematocyst Firing

 Class Hydrozoa  Class Scyphozoa  Class Cubozoa  Class Anthozoa

 Solitary (live as an individual)  Colonial (live in groups)  Reproduce? Asexually (Polyp form) OR sexually (medusa form)  Where do they live? Freshwater OR marine/salt-water  Examples: Hydra, TubulariaHydra

Polyp Medusa

 Movement: Solitary (live by themselves, but MOVE quiet a bit)  Body form: Medusa form (most)  Where do they live? All marine/salt-water  Organs? Sensory organs found on the ridge of the umbrella  Examples: Cassiopeia, Aurelia

 Movement: Solitary (live by themselves but MOVE quite a bit)  Body form: Medusa form (most)  Where do they live? All marine/salt-water  Characteristics? Umbrella is more square in shape  Examples: Tripedalia, Carybdea

 Movement: Solitary (individual)or colonial (group); tentacles move some (but animals are fixed to a spot, usually)  Body form: all polyps (no medusas!)  Where do they live? All marine/salt-water  Examples:  Exist in three subclasses ▪ Subclass Hexacorallia ▪ Subclass Ceriantipatharia ▪ Subclass Octocoral

 Human Uses  Bioindicators: provide info about the environment/oceans/water bodies ▪ Sponges ▪ Filter water ▪ Pollutants are concentrated in collar cells ▪ Corals: ▪ sensitive to water pollution (loose coloration)  Help protect shore line from erosion (decrease force of waves)

 Biomedical/Pharmaceutical industry 1.New antibiotics 2.Anticancer compound found in small % of sponges  Consumer products 1.Natural sponges (bathing) 2.Spicules used in clay to strengthen ceramic pots, etc

 In the Environment  Form of food, camouflage and protection for other animals  Many symbiotic relationships  Corals and Sponges ▪ The most abundant animal in most reefs ▪ Base of most aquatic food chains ▪ May be used as camouflage ▪ Ex: Crab species place sponges on their backs for protection

 Other relationships  Cnidarians with dinoflagellates(protists)— ▪ Form reefs when this relationship occurs  Homes for other organisms ▪ Shrimp, clown fish and eels use sponges as homes ▪ Coral reefs provide protection