AE = [ W + Y e – PL – r – mpc ∙ T + I + G + X ] + { mpc – mpm } Y Y = [ W + Y e – PL – r – mpc ∙ T + I + G + X ] + { mpc – mpm } Y PL = [ W + Y e – r – mpc ∙ T + I + G + X ] + { mpc – mpm } Y – 1 Y PL = [ W + Y e – r – mpc ∙ T + I + G + X ] + { mpc – mpm – 1 } Y PL = [ W + Y e – r – mpc ∙ T + I + G + X ] – { – mpc + mpm + 1 } Y PL = [ W + Y e – r – mpc ∙ T + I + G + X ] – {1 – mpc + mpm } Y PL = [ W + Y e – r – mpc ∙ T + I + G + X ] – { mps + mpm } Y Aggregate Demand Marginal propensity to save Simulated AD

AE = [ W + Y e – PL – r – mpc ∙ T + I + G + X ] + { mpc – mpm } Y Y = [ W + Y e – PL – r – mpc ∙ T + I + G + X ] + { mpc – mpm } Y PL = [ W + Y e – r – mpc ∙ T + I + G + X ] + { mpc – mpm } Y – 1 Y PL = [ W + Y e – r – mpc ∙ T + I + G + X ] + { mpc – mpm – 1 } Y PL = [ W + Y e – r – mpc ∙ T + I + G + X ] – { – mpc + mpm + 1 } Y PL = [ W + Y e – r – mpc ∙ T + I + G + X ] – {1 – mpc + mpm } Y PL = [ W + Y e – r – mpc ∙ T + I + G + X ] – { mps + mpm } Y Aggregate Demand Simulated AD

Aggregate Demand  Example: Suppose consumer wealth is $8 trillion (W = 8), expected future consumer income is $12 trillion (Y e = 12), the price level is $14.5 thousand (PL = 14.5), the real rate of interest is 3.5 percent (r = 3.5), net tax revenues is $3 trillion (T = 3), investment expenditures total $2.75 trillion (I = 2.75), government expenditure is $3 trillion (G = 3), exports are $2 trillion (X = 2), mpc = 0.75, and mpm = Derive the AE equation. First, ignore the fact that PL = 8 because AD is the relationship between real GDP and PL Simulated AD PL = [ W + Y e – r – mpc ∙ T + I + G + X ] – { mps + mpm } ∙ Y

Aggregate Demand Simulated AD  Example: Suppose consumer wealth is $8 trillion (W = 8), expected future consumer income is $12 trillion (Y e = 12), the price level is $14.5 thousand (PL = 14.5), the real rate of interest is 3.5 percent (r = 3.5), net tax revenues is $3 trillion (T = 3), investment expenditures total $2.75 trillion (I = 2.75), government expenditure is $3 trillion (G = 3), exports are $2 trillion (X = 2), mpc = 0.75, and mpm = Derive the AE equation. First, ignore the fact that PL = 8 because AD is the relationship between real GDP and PL PL = [ 8 + Y e – r – mpc ∙ T + I + G + X ] – { mps + mpm } ∙ Y

Aggregate Demand Simulated AD  Example: Suppose consumer wealth is $8 trillion (W = 8), expected future consumer income is $12 trillion (Y e = 12), the price level is $14.5 thousand (PL = 14.5), the real rate of interest is 3.5 percent (r = 3.5), net tax revenues is $3 trillion (T = 3), investment expenditures total $2.75 trillion (I = 2.75), government expenditure is $3 trillion (G = 3), exports are $2 trillion (X = 2), mpc = 0.75, and mpm = Derive the AE equation. First, ignore the fact that PL = 8 because AD is the relationship between real GDP and PL PL = [ – r – mpc ∙ T + I + G + X ] – { mps + mpm } ∙ Y

Aggregate Demand Simulated AD  Example: Suppose consumer wealth is $8 trillion (W = 8), expected future consumer income is $12 trillion (Y e = 12), the price level is $14.5 thousand (PL = 14.5), the real rate of interest is 3.5 percent (r = 3.5), net tax revenues is $3 trillion (T = 3), investment expenditures total $2.75 trillion (I = 2.75), government expenditure is $3 trillion (G = 3), exports are $2 trillion (X = 2), mpc = 0.75, and mpm = Derive the AE equation. First, ignore the fact that PL = 8 because AD is the relationship between real GDP and PL PL = [ – 3.5 – mpc ∙ T + I + G + X ] – { mps + mpm } ∙ Y

Aggregate Demand Simulated AD  Example: Suppose consumer wealth is $8 trillion (W = 8), expected future consumer income is $12 trillion (Y e = 12), the price level is $14.5 thousand (PL = 14.5), the real rate of interest is 3.5 percent (r = 3.5), net tax revenues is $3 trillion (T = 3), investment expenditures total $2.75 trillion (I = 2.75), government expenditure is $3 trillion (G = 3), exports are $2 trillion (X = 2), mpc = 0.75, and mpm = Derive the AE equation. First, ignore the fact that PL = 8 because AD is the relationship between real GDP and PL PL = [ – 3.5 – 0.75 ∙ T + I + G + X ] – { mpm } ∙ Y

Aggregate Demand Simulated AD  Example: Suppose consumer wealth is $8 trillion (W = 8), expected future consumer income is $12 trillion (Y e = 12), the price level is $14.5 thousand (PL = 14.5), the real rate of interest is 3.5 percent (r = 3.5), net tax revenues is $3 trillion (T = 3), investment expenditures total $2.75 trillion (I = 2.75), government expenditure is $3 trillion (G = 3), exports are $2 trillion (X = 2), mpc = 0.75, and mpm = Derive the AE equation. First, ignore the fact that PL = 8 because AD is the relationship between real GDP and PL PL = [ – 3.5 – 0.75 ∙ 3 + I + G + X ] – { mpm } ∙ Y

Aggregate Demand Simulated AD  Example: Suppose consumer wealth is $8 trillion (W = 8), expected future consumer income is $12 trillion (Y e = 12), the price level is $14.5 thousand (PL = 14.5), the real rate of interest is 3.5 percent (r = 3.5), net tax revenues is $3 trillion (T = 3), investment expenditures total $2.75 trillion (I = 2.75), government expenditure is $3 trillion (G = 3), exports are $2 trillion (X = 2), mpc = 0.75, and mpm = Derive the AE equation. First, ignore the fact that PL = 8 because AD is the relationship between real GDP and PL PL = [ – 3.5 – 0.75 ∙ G + X ] – { mpm } ∙ Y

Aggregate Demand Simulated AD  Example: Suppose consumer wealth is $8 trillion (W = 8), expected future consumer income is $12 trillion (Y e = 12), the price level is $14.5 thousand (PL = 14.5), the real rate of interest is 3.5 percent (r = 3.5), net tax revenues is $3 trillion (T = 3), investment expenditures total $2.75 trillion (I = 2.75), government expenditure is $3 trillion (G = 3), exports are $2 trillion (X = 2), mpc = 0.75, and mpm = Derive the AE equation. First, ignore the fact that PL = 8 because AD is the relationship between real GDP and PL PL = [ – 3.5 – 0.75 ∙ X ] – { mpm } ∙ Y

Aggregate Demand Simulated AD  Example: Suppose consumer wealth is $8 trillion (W = 8), expected future consumer income is $12 trillion (Y e = 12), the price level is $14.5 thousand (PL = 14.5), the real rate of interest is 3.5 percent (r = 3.5), net tax revenues is $3 trillion (T = 3), investment expenditures total $2.75 trillion (I = 2.75), government expenditure is $3 trillion (G = 3), exports are $2 trillion (X = 2), mpc = 0.75, and mpm = Derive the AE equation. First, ignore the fact that PL = 8 because AD is the relationship between real GDP and PL PL = [ – 3.5 – 0.75 ∙ ] – { mpm } ∙ Y

Aggregate Demand Simulated AD  Example: Suppose consumer wealth is $8 trillion (W = 8), expected future consumer income is $12 trillion (Y e = 12), the price level is $14.5 thousand (PL = 14.5), the real rate of interest is 3.5 percent (r = 3.5), net tax revenues is $3 trillion (T = 3), investment expenditures total $2.75 trillion (I = 2.75), government expenditure is $3 trillion (G = 3), exports are $2 trillion (X = 2), mpc = 0.75, and mpm = Derive the AE equation. First, ignore the fact that PL = 8 because AD is the relationship between real GDP and PL PL = [ – 3.5 – 0.75 ∙ ] – { } ∙ Y

Aggregate Demand Simulated AD  Example: Suppose consumer wealth is $8 trillion (W = 8), expected future consumer income is $12 trillion (Y e = 12), the price level is $14.5 thousand (PL = 14.5), the real rate of interest is 3.5 percent (r = 3.5), net tax revenues is $3 trillion (T = 3), investment expenditures total $2.75 trillion (I = 2.75), government expenditure is $3 trillion (G = 3), exports are $2 trillion (X = 2), mpc = 0.75, and mpm = Derive the AE equation. First, ignore the fact that PL = 8 because AD is the relationship between real GDP and PL PL = 22 – 0.5 ∙ Y [

0 22 Y PL AD Aggregate Demand  Example: PL = 22 – 0.5 Y By assumption, aggregate planned expenditure equals real GDP (Y = AE ). Recall that in the AE model, Y = 15 when PL = 14.5 at the Keynesian equilibrium point. Simulated AD

Aggregate Demand With real GDP held constant at 15 trillion dollars, show what happens to the consumption model when consumer wealth rises to 8.5 trillion dollars expected future income decreases to 11.5 trillion dollars price level increases to 15.5 thousand dollars mpc increases to 0.8 real rate of interest increases by 0.5 pct. points tax revenue is cut by 0.5 trillion dollars. Compute the budget balance. government expenditure is raised by 0.5 trillion dollars. Compute the budget balance. What is monetary policy, and who conducts it? What is fiscal policy, and who conducts it? Simulated AD  Example:

Suppose the economy’s production function shows the volume of output that can be produced by its labor force (L) given its physical capital (K), land and natural resources (R), and technology and entrepreneurial talent (Z). Suppose R = 0.4 (trillion dollars of land, oil, coal, natural gas…), K = 2.5 (trillion dollars of physical capital like machines, roads, networks…) and z = 1.25 (percent of all knowledge in the universe is known on Earth). 1.What is the economy’s short-run production function? Long Run Aggregate Supply Simulated LRAS  Example:

LY Long Run Aggregate Supply Simulated LRAS  Example (continued): 2.Graph the economy’s short-run production function. L

3.Suppose there are 9 million workers that are frictionally or structurally unemployed, and 135 million of the 144 million in the labor force are employed. Compute u, u n, u c, real GDP, and Y p Long Run Aggregate Supply Simulated LRAS  Example (continued): L

Y PL LRAS 0 15 Long Run Aggregate Supply 10 Simulated LRAS  Example (continued): 4.Graph LRAS.

4.Suppose there are 9 million workers that are frictionally or structurally unemployed, and 112 million of the 144 million in the labor force are employed. Compute u, u n, u c, real GDP, and Y p Long Run Aggregate Supply Simulated LRAS  Example (continued): L Unemployment is too high GDP is lower than what it should be

Long Run Aggregate Supply Simulated LRAS 5.Suppose there are 9 million workers that are frictionally or structurally unemployed, and 140 million of the 144 million in the labor force are employed. Compute u, u n, u c, real GDP, and Y p.  Example (continued): L Unemployment is too low GDP is higher than what it should be

Resources rises by 0.5 trillion dollars Physical capital increases by 0.5 trillion dollars The number of laborers falls by 12 million Nominal wage rates rise by 1 dollar per hour Nominal prices of other inputs increases by 1 dollar per hour Supply side taxes are cut by 1 percentage point. What is monetary policy, and who conducts it? What is fiscal policy, and who conducts it? With the labor force equal to 144 million workers, show what happens if Long Run Aggregate Supply Simulated LRAS  Example:

SRAS is the relationship between the quantity of real GDP supplied and PL when all other influences on production plans remain the same  The SRAS curve is positively sloped (b)  Firms maximize profits. If prices increase while all other costs are constant, production rises because it is more profitable. Firm supply, industry supply and SRAS slope up.  Alternatively, when PL rises with constant wages, real wages falls, employment rises, and quantity of real GDP supplied rises.  Shifters of SRAS are contained in its intercept:  The money wage rate changes (w).  The money prices of other resources change (p).  Government changes supply-side taxes (t)  Factors that change Y p  Simulated SRAS has a slope of 1: PL = [ w + p + t – b·Y p ] + b·Y Short Run Aggregate Supply

Y p = 15 Short Run Aggregate Supply Simulated SRAS  Example: In addition to R = 0.4 (trillion dollars of resources…), K = 2.5 (trillion dollars of physical capital), Z = 1.25 (percent of all knowledge is known to man), U n = 9 (million frictionally or structurally unemployed workers), E = 135 (million), and L = 144 (million), suppose nominal wages are 7 (dollars per hour), the nominal price of other production factors is 3 (dollars per hour), the supply-side tax rate is 9 (percent), and slope is 1. 1.Graph the potential GDP you computed in part (3) with AD PL = [ w + p + t – b·Y p ] + b·Y

Short Run Aggregate Supply Simulated SRAS  Example: In addition to R = 0.4 (trillion dollars of resources…), K = 2.5 (trillion dollars of physical capital), Z = 1.25 (percent of all knowledge is known to man), U n = 9 (million frictionally or structurally unemployed workers), E = 135 (million), and L = 144 (million), suppose nominal wages are 7 (dollars per hour), the nominal price of other production factors is 3 (dollars per hour), the supply-side tax rate is 9 (percent), and slope is 1. 1.Graph the potential GDP you computed in part (3) with AD Y p = 15 PL = [ w + p + t – Y p ] + Y

Short Run Aggregate Supply Simulated SRAS  Example: In addition to R = 0.4 (trillion dollars of resources…), K = 2.5 (trillion dollars of physical capital), Z = 1.25 (percent of all knowledge is known to man), U n = 9 (million frictionally or structurally unemployed workers), E = 135 (million), and L = 144 (million), suppose nominal wages are 7 (dollars per hour), the nominal price of other production factors is 3 (dollars per hour), the supply-side tax rate is 9 (percent), and slope is 1. 1.Graph the potential GDP you computed in part (3) with AD Y p = 15 PL = [ w + p + t – 15 ] + Y

Short Run Aggregate Supply Simulated SRAS  Example: In addition to R = 0.4 (trillion dollars of resources…), K = 2.5 (trillion dollars of physical capital), Z = 1.25 (percent of all knowledge is known to man), U n = 9 (million frictionally or structurally unemployed workers), E = 135 (million), and L = 144 (million), suppose nominal wages are 7 (dollars per hour), the nominal price of other production factors is 3 (dollars per hour), the supply-side tax rate is 9 (percent), and slope is 1. 1.Graph the potential GDP you computed in part (3) with AD Y p = 15 PL = [ 7 + r + t – 15 ] + Y

Short Run Aggregate Supply Simulated SRAS  Example: In addition to R = 0.4 (trillion dollars of resources…), K = 2.5 (trillion dollars of physical capital), Z = 1.25 (percent of all knowledge is known to man), U n = 9 (million frictionally or structurally unemployed workers), E = 135 (million), and L = 144 (million), suppose nominal wages are 7 (dollars per hour), the nominal price of other production factors is 3 (dollars per hour), the supply-side tax rate is 9 (percent), and slope is 1. 1.Graph the potential GDP you computed in part (3) with AD Y p = 15 PL = [ t – 15 ] + Y

Y p = 15 Short Run Aggregate Supply Simulated SRAS  Example: In addition to R = 0.4 (trillion dollars of resources…), K = 2.5 (trillion dollars of physical capital), Z = 1.25 (percent of all knowledge is known to man), U n = 9 (million frictionally or structurally unemployed workers), E = 135 (million), and L = 144 (million), suppose nominal wages are 7 (dollars per hour), the nominal price of other production factors is 3 (dollars per hour), the supply-side tax rate is 9 (percent), and slope is 1. 1.Graph the potential GDP you computed in part (3) with AD PL = [ – 15 ] + Y

Y p = 15 Short Run Aggregate Supply Simulated SRAS  Example: In addition to R = 0.4 (trillion dollars of resources…), K = 2.5 (trillion dollars of physical capital), Z = 1.25 (percent of all knowledge is known to man), U n = 9 (million frictionally or structurally unemployed workers), E = 135 (million), and L = 144 (million), suppose nominal wages are 7 (dollars per hour), the nominal price of other production factors is 3 (dollars per hour), the supply-side tax rate is 9 (percent), and slope is 1. 1.Graph the potential GDP you computed in part (3) with AD PL = 4 + Y

4 Short Run Aggregate Supply SRAS PL Simulated SRAS  Example (continued): 2.Graph SRAS PL = 4 + Y Y

 Example (continued): 3.Graph SRAS and LRAS LRAS Simulated SRAS Short Run Aggregate Supply Y SRAS PL PL = 4 + Y

 Example (continued): 4.Suppose supply-side taxes are temporarily lowered by 2 pct. points. PL = [ – 15 ] + Y PL = 2 + Y SRAS’ 2 Simulated SRAS Short Run Aggregate Supply LRAS Y SRAS PL 15 19

Y p = 17 (trillion $) 17  Example (continued): 5.Suppose the labor force increases to million workers. Simulated SRAS Short Run Aggregate Supply LRAS Y SRAS PL PL = [ – 15] + Y

PL = 2 + Y Simulated SRAS Short Run Aggregate Supply 17 LRAS Y SRAS PL SRAS’ 17  Example (continued): 5.Suppose the labor force increases to million workers. Y p = 17 (trillion $)

Resources rises by 0.5 trillion dollars Physical capital increases by 0.5 trillion dollars The number of laborers falls by 12 million Nominal wage rates rise by 1 dollar per hour Nominal prices of other inputs increases by 1 dollar per hour Supply side taxes are cut by 1 percentage point. What is monetary policy, and who conducts it? What is fiscal policy, and who conducts it?  Example (continued): With the labor force equal to 144 million workers, show what happens if Short Run Aggregate Supply Simulated SRAS

Y p = 15 PL = 22 – 0.5 Y Aggregate Market Model  Example (continued): 1.Graph LRAS, SRAS and AD Equilibrium LRAS Y PL AD 14.5

Aggregate Market Model Y p = 15 PL = 22 – 0.5 Y PL = 4 + Y  Example (continued): 1.Graph LRAS, SRAS and AD Equilibrium Y SRAS PL LRAS AD

 Example (continued): 1.Graph LRAS, SRAS and AD Aggregate Market Model Y p = 15 PL = 22 – 0.5 Y PL = 4 + Y Equilibrium Y SRAS PL LRAS Y = 22 – 0.5 Y Y = 18 – 0.5 Y 1.5Y = 18 Y = 12 PL = 4 + Y PL = PL = 16 AD

 Example (continued): 1.Graph LRAS, SRAS and AD Aggregate Market Model Y p = 15 PL = 22 – 0.5 Y PL = 4 + Y Equilibrium Y SRAS PL LRAS 12 PL = 22 – 0.5 Y PL = 22 – 0.5(12) PL = 16 Recessionary gap AD

 Example (continued): 1.Graph LRAS, SRAS and AD Aggregate Market Model Equilibrium Factories, resources, and workers are not being fully utilized. Unemployment is higher than its natural rate. The surplus of workers bids down wages. Demand for other production inputs falls, which pushes their prices lower SRAS stops increasing (shifting down) when the gap is closed PL = [w + p + t – b Y p ] + b Y Y SRAS PL LRAS 12 Recessionary gap AD

 Example (continued): 1.Graph LRAS, SRAS and AD Aggregate Market Model Equilibrium Allowing the gap to close on its on is called laissez faire policy. Recessionary gaps tend to close slowly. The federal min wage was enacted in John L. Lewis (UMW, CIO, USWA) organized millions of workers in the 1930s. TANF, SNAP… Y SRAS PL LRAS 12 Recessionary gap AD 14.5

 Example (continued): 1.Graph LRAS, SRAS and AD Aggregate Market Model Equilibrium Y SRAS PL LRAS 12 Recessionary gap Deflation sounds good because lower prices raise purchasing power. However, deflation causes hardships for those whose net worth is mostly held in illiquid assets (homes). Deflation amplifies debt since it was incurred when wages were higher. The same payment with a lower wage reduces purchasing power. Deflation amplifies a loan's interest rate. AD 14.5

 Example (continued): 2.Graph LRAS, SRAS and AD Aggregate Market Model Y p = 15 PL = 22 – 0.5 Y PL = -5 + Y Equilibrium Y SRAS PL LRAS AD

 Example (continued): 2.Graph LRAS, SRAS and AD Aggregate Market Model Y p = 15 PL = 22 – 0.5 Y PL = -5 + Y Equilibrium Y PL LRAS Y = 22 – 0.5 Y Y = 27 – 0.5 Y 1.5Y = 27 Y = 18 PL = -5 + Y PL = PL = 13 SRAS AD

 Example (continued): 2.Graph LRAS, SRAS and AD Aggregate Market Model Equilibrium PL = 22 – 0.5 Y PL = 22 – 0.5(18) PL = 13 Inflationary gap Y PL LRAS 18 SRAS Y p = 15 PL = 22 – 0.5 Y PL = -5 + Y AD

 Example (continued): 2.Graph LRAS, SRAS and AD Aggregate Market Model Equilibrium Factories and workers are overemployed. Unemployment is lower than its natural rate. Tight labor markets push wages up. Demand for other production inputs is high, which pushes their prices higher SRAS stops decreasing (shifting up) when the gap is closed. Allowing the gap to close on its on is called laissez faire policy. Inflationary gaps tend to close much faster than recessionary gaps PL = [w + p + t – b Y p ] + b Y Y PL 15 LRAS Inflationary gap SRAS AD

 Example (continued): 3.Graph LRAS, SRAS and AD Aggregate Market Model Equilibrium Y PL 15 LRAS No output gap SRAS Y p = 15 PL = 22 – 0.5 Y PL = Y AD

14.5  Example (continued): 3.Graph LRAS, SRAS and AD Aggregate Market Model Equilibrium PL = [ W + Y e – r – mpc ∙ T + I + G + X ] – { } ∙ Y Induced Inflationary gap Y p = 15 PL = 22 – 0.5 Y PL = Y Y PL 15 LRAS SRAS AD

14.5  Example (continued): 3.Graph LRAS, SRAS and AD Aggregate Market Model Equilibrium Induced Inflationary gap Y p = 15 PL = 22 – 0.5 Y PL = Y Y PL AD 15 LRAS SRAS PL = [w + p + t – Y p ] + Y If nothing is done to combat this stimulus, w rises as labor markets tighten. Hence, the increase in GDP was only temporary.

14.5  Example (continued): 3.Graph LRAS, SRAS and AD Aggregate Market Model Equilibrium Induced Inflationary gap Y p = 15 PL = 22 – 0.5 Y PL = Y Y PL AD 15 LRAS SRAS PL = [w + p + t – Y p ] + Y If nothing is done to combat this stimulus, w rises as labor markets tighten. Hence, the increase in GDP was only temporary. Prices soar even more. 17.5

PL  Example (continued): 1.To reduce the recessionary gap, the Congress & president agree to raise G by $0.5t. Aggregate Market Model Equilibrium Raising G by $0.5t, shifts AD, and reduces the recessionary gap. Real GDP increases by just $0.333t. The G-multiplier is or 0.67 The budget deficit increases to $0.5t. The price level rises by 2% PL = [ – 3.5 – 0.75 ∙ ] – { } ∙ Y 3.5 PL = 22.5 – 0.5 Y Y AD 15 LRAS SRAS 12 16

 Example (continued): 1.To reduce the recessionary gap more, congress and the president cut tax revenues by $0.677t. Aggregate Market Model Equilibrium PL = [ – 3.5 – 0.75 ∙ ] – { } ∙ Y PL = 23 – 0.5 Y Cutting T by $0.667t, shifts AD, and closes the recessionary gap. Real GDP increases by $0.333t. The T-cut-mult is or 0.5 The budget deficit increases from $0.5t to $1.167t. The price level rises by 2% PL Y AD 15 LRAS SRAS