By: Andrew Sung Wei Yang (01) Benjamin Lim (20) Ng Wei Bo (24) Ng Ziyao (25)

ASEAN policies Case study on Bali Mas Selamat Improvements of ASEAN

Association of the South-East Asian Nations Established in 1967 Principles enshrined in the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia: renunciation of the threat or use of force; effective cooperation among themselves. November 2007, ASEAN leaders signed the ASEAN Charter -- ASEAN to be a rules based organization  committed to fulfilling its various obligations and collective decisions.

Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao Peoples Democratic Republic Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam

ASEAN’s efforts in combating terrorism began before the 9/11 attack in 1997 and issued the ASEAN Declaration on Transnational Crime ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime (AMMTC) was created Following the 9/11 terrorist attack, ASEAN counter-terrorism cooperation accelerated

On 5 November 2001 in Brunei Darussalam, ASEAN leaders met to adopt the ASEAN Declaration on Joint Action to Counter Terrorism Terrorism is viewed as a threat to peace and security and challenges to the attainment of peace, progress and prosperity of ASEAN and the realization of ASEAN Vision 2020

Several specific measures were identified to implement the Declaration, some of which includes: Review and strengthen national mechanisms to combat terrorism Call for the early ratification or accession to all anti- terrorist conventions Deepen cooperation among ASEAN’s front- line law enforcement agencies in combating terrorism Enhance information/ intelligence exchange to facilitate the flow of information Strengthen cooperation between AMMTC and other ASEAN bodies to counter terrorists acts Develop capacity building programmes to enhance ASEAN countries to investigate terrorist acts

Study international conventions on terrorism to integrate them with ASEAN mechanisms to combat terrorism Strengthen cooperation in combating terrorism and affirm that at the United Nations should play a major role in this regard Discuss and explore practical initiatives to increase ASEAN's involvement with the global community to make the fight against terrorism a global endeavour

The Annual Conference of ASEAN Chiefs of Police (ASEANAPOL) was then held in May 2002, and called for a joint cooperation in fighting terrorism ASEAN focal point directory for ASEAN immigration authorities to exchange information was set up

Meetings = fora to exchange ideas and information on best practices in fighting terrorism-related crimes 2 main counterterrorism mechanisms Senior Officials Meeting on Transnational Crime ASEAN Ministers Meeting on Transnational Crime

Terrorism 1. Information Exchange 2. Legal Matters 3. Law Enforcement Matters 4. Training 5. Institutional Capacity Building 6. Extra-regional cooperation

Compile national laws and regulations of Member States, pertaining to terrorism  establishing regional repository of laws Explore ways for ASEAN to cooperate with ASEANAPOL and relevant international organizations concerned with terrorism matters  facilitate sharing of information and analysis of critical intelligence information Enhance cooperation in info. exchange among Member Countries and international agencies to combat terrorism. Exchange of info. on technology to detect and deter use of materials of mass destruction in terrorist attacks and develop means to deter cyber terrorism. Exchange of info. on security practices for international special events, strengthen and expand international cooperation and consultation in anti-terrorist activities. Establish database of international treaties and agreements pertaining to terrorism/TNC Enhance intelligence exchange to facilitate the flow of information, in particular, on terrorists and terrorist organizations, their movement and funding, and any other information needed to protect lives, property and the security of all modes of travel.

Criminalisation of terrorism in ASEAN Member Countries Developing legal arrangements to facilitate apprehension, investigation in order to enhance mutual legal and administrative assistance among ASEAN Member Countries Ratify all relevant anti-terrorist conventions including the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism Study international conventions on terrorism  integrating them with ASEAN mechanisms on combating international terrorism Working on a regional operational agreement to combat terrorism Work towards multilateral mutual legal assistance agreement  enhance cooperation in combating terrorist acts and deliberating on various aspects of the issue

Enhance cooperation and coordination in law enforcement and intelligence sharing on terrorism issues affecting ASEAN Member Countries Deepen cooperation among front-line law enforcement agencies in combating terrorism and sharing best practices

Develop regional training programmes and conduct regular conferences to enhance existing capabilities in investigation, intelligence, surveillance, counter-terrorism, detection and monitoring and reporting of terrorist activities ASEAN Member Countries conducting national training programmes may extend invitations to other ASEAN Member Countries to join their existing programs Hold a multilateral seminar on emergency response to terrorist threats.

2003 Carry out training programmes and projects (counter terrorism) psychological operation psychological warfare courses for law enforcement authorities/ intelligence procuring courses on explosive detection and post-blast investigation on airport security/ documents security and inspection

Review and strengthen national mechanisms of ASEAN Member Countries to combat terrorism Strengthen existing cooperation between the AMMTC and all relevant ASEAN bodies in countering, preventing and suppressing terrorist acts Finding ways to combat terrorist organizations, support infrastructure and funding and bringing the perpetrators to justice Develop regional capacity building programs to enhance existing capabilities of ASEAN Member Countries to investigate, detect, monitor and report on terrorist acts Convene specialized workshops, seminars and training courses for ASEAN law enforcement officials on new forms of terrorism such as bio-terrorism and cyber-terrorism

Explore practical ideas and initiatives to increase ASEAN's involvement with the international community to make the fight against terrorism a truly regional and global endeavour Strengthen cooperation at bilateral, regional and international levels to combat terrorism and affirm that at the international level the United Nations should play a major role

Jan 29, 2003 issued joint declaration including: 1. joint efforts to get an early endorsement of UN conventions aimed at combating terrorism and organized crime 2. provide more data sharing on terrorist suspects and their facilities 3. boost cooperation among law enforcement agencies Terrorism  “forms part of a complex set of new security challenges which have to be addressed urgently”

Member states  urged towards an early accession to all relevant anti-terrorist conventions working toward establishment of regional database for disseminating information on national laws, regulations addressing issue of prevention and suppression of terrorist financing

It was a hotspot for many foreigners visiting Southeast Asia The terrorist wanted lots of international attention by massacring lots of people from different countries

Al Qaeda Jemaah Islamiyah - Jihad

12 October 2002, a suicide bomber detonated a bomb in his backpack, inside the nightclub Paddy's Pub A bomb hidden inside a white Mitsubishi van was detonated by another suicide bomber outside the Sari Club, located opposite Paddy's Pub and this bomb proved to be much more deadly The bomb in the van could be controlled too by remote control (so that the terrorist plan would succeed) A small bomb detonated outside the U.S. consulate in Denpasar after the 2 bombs

202 people from 22 countries were killed The largest fatalities being 88 Australians

In 2002, bombing resulted in a fall in tourism in one of Asia’s top destinations As the main source of income for the people was tourism, the economy was badly affected For example, tourism dropped larger than 50% for a month after the bombings Resulting in many Balinese people losing their livelihood The government faced much pressure to relieve the hardships of the people Spending was required too to beef up security in the region

After the Bali bombings, many Balinese wondered what had happened and how the security in Bali could have been so laid back They could not earn enough money without the tourist and many became impoverished Balinese mourned for their dead and many were shaken by the event, taking months to get out of their trauma

The Indonesian government had a responsibility to keep their people safe from terrorist Thus, much effort and time was needed to step up border security to tighten the security of the country Immigrants hence took a longer time to be able to gain citizenship and tourists bemoaned the slow immigration clearance by the Indonesian immigration, a major deterrence (many thinking of Bali as unsafe too)

In 2005, Bali was bombed again… Resulting in 20 victims

re=related re=related ature=related ature=related

Background Information Mas Selamat began his involvement with terrorist group JI in the 1990s He was sent to Afghanistan for training in 1993 and in 1998, he studied Taliban system of government He was first arrested in 2003 in Bintan (Indonesia) to assist the police in their investigations of the bombings in Indonesia in recent years (most notably the 2002 Bali Bombings)

2006 He was arrested again for using a fake identity in Java. Singapore then requested Mas Selamat’s extradition 2008 He escaped from the detention centre when his family was visiting him 2009 Mas Selamat was captured on 1 st April 2009, but was only reported to the public on 8 th May

Mas Selamat was part of the terrorists group JI and was involved in discussing various terror plots including hijacking a plane from Bangkok and crashing it into the Singapore Changi Airport Malaysian Police Inspector-General Musa Hassan said the arrest in 2009 was only made possible as both ASEAN members had been sharing intelligence reports since his escape In 2006, Mas Selamat was able to be extradited to Singapore due to the signing of the Extradition Treaty signed by both Indonesia and Singapore in 2005

ASEAN has loose organizational structures agreements are non-binding tradition of non-intervention in internal affairs of nations

2007 – Convention on Counter Terrorism  pave a more legally binding approach to counterterrorism cooperation reinforcing Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty  framework for regional cooperation to counter, prevent and suppress terrorism signing of ASEAN Charter  establish ASEAN as legal entity, EU-style EU-ASEAN enhanced partnership – called for increased linkages between law enforcement agencies  share best practices combat TC and Terrorism

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