Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Arts Chapter 34 Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Arts

WWI—The Great War

The Triple Alliance →The Central Powers →Germany, Austria-Hungary,the Ottoman Empire

The Triple Entente → the Allied Powers →Britain, France, Russia, Serbia

Trigger On June 28, 1914, Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire was assassinated while making a state visit to Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia.

Causes of WWI Militarism: armament race Nationalism: rival armed camps Balkan Wars: Pan-Slavism

War as Celebration Romanticism: war as chivalrous adventure, a quest for the heroic Nationalism: patriotic sentiments fraternity

Trench Warfare The Western Front: four hundred miles from the northern border of Switzerland to the English Channel.

The Home Front New opportunities for women. Women in England, France, and Germany replaced men in all branches of civilian life.

Influences 1. Disillusionment: --loss of faith in the Enlightenment tradition --loss of faith in liberal-democratic values (which contributed to Fascist ideologies) 2. The Lost Generation: 9 million killed 3. A fascination with violence: Some veterans clung to an aggressive militarism and favored extremist political movements (Hitler and Mussolini)

After WWI: Era of Totalitarianism Communist Russia Fascist Italy Nazi Germany

The Great Depression 1929 - 1933

WWII

Causes 1. 1919-1920 the Versailles treaty 2. the failure to create lasting, binding standards for peace and security (the League of Nations) 3. Economic conditions 4. Nationalism

1930s 3 tests for the League of Nations China: Japanese invasion, the “Rape of Nanjing” (1937) Ethiopia: Mussolini’s invasion (1935) Spain: Civil War (1936-39), fascist Franco vs. divided Republicans

1939 Germany asked the Polish Corridor to be abolished. When Poland decided not to give in, Hitler attacked. WWII began.

The Holocaust -WWII=a racial war -4.1-5.7 million Jewish people died

1945 August 6 and 9 Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan surrendered.

1945 United Nations founded 1947 Cold War started 1950 Korean War Eastern Europe occupied by Red Army 1947 Cold War started 1950 Korean War 1961 Berlin Wall built 1962 Cuban missile crisis 1963-73 Vietnam War 1989 Year of liberation in Eastern Europe 1990 Germany reunified; Cold War ended

Artists

Leger, The Card Game, 1917

Leger, Three Women, 1921

Leger, The Mechanic, 1920

Leger, The Builders, 1950

Rivera, Liberation of the Peon, 1931

Picasso, Guernica, 1937

The End