 Muhammad had no male heir to succeed; likewise he named no successor  However, Muhammad’s closest friend Abu-Bakr filled the void  He was known as the first Caliph or successor

 The first four caliphs all knew Muhammad while he was alive  They were known as the “rightly guided”  Abu-Bakr sought to expand Islam through Jihad

 This means striving for Allah  Interpreted in two ways  Struggle against evil  Struggle against unbelievers

 After the first 3 caliphs Muhammad’s cousin and son in law came to power  His name was Ali and was chosen to be the next caliph  However…. He was assassinated

 New powerful family came into leadership  The Umayyad's  They split the Muslim community in two  Why?  Moved capital from Mecca to Damascus  Lived in wealth and luxury

 Majority of Muslims who followed the Umayyad in the interest of peace are called Sunni  The Muslims that believed that Caliph must be related the Muhammad are called Shi’a which are called “the party”

 The Umayyad caliphate was overthrown and the Abbasids took over  At the same time, in Spain, a Muslim state was built called Al-Andalus  The Berbers, Muslims from North Africa conquered Spain but were stopped at Zaragoza

 Warfare and Trade  Persecuted people sought equality through Islam  Movement of Capitals  Mecca= Muhammad  Damascus = Abu-Bakr  Baghdad = Abbasids

 Baghdad  Became the capital  Importance: Nearly 1 million people lived there

 Places where scholars translates scientific and philosophical text  Importance:  Expanded Greek, Indian, and Persian Ideas

 Math was the basis of all knowledge  Importance:  Used same system developed by Indus Civilization  Used experiments to actually measure their hypothesizes

 “the art of bringing together unknowns to match a known”  Try It: 42+ A= 25  Used Indian math  Possibly lead to the creation of inventions such as the telescope and microscope

 Used Greek, Syrian, Arabic and Indian sources  Creations  Doctor’s manuals  Treatments for small pox and measles  Conducted surgeries  Wrote reports  Symptoms, previous conditions, and previous doctors

 Texts  Translation then used experimentation to expand ideas  Architecture  Arches that blended other styles.  “Arches have no limits”  Art  Used geometric shapes and written language  Blends the logic/philosophical with religion

 Pick a picture  Write down what you see  Write down what you think it means  Do pages 11-14