Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Session 3

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Chapter 2 – Argument Coordination Relationship between arguer and recipient as important as the content of the argument Relationship between arguer and recipient as important as the content of the argument Perspectives Perspectives  Logical  Dialectical  Rhetorical

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Arguer-Based Approaches - Syllogism Major premise Major premise Minor premise Minor premise Conclusion Conclusion Categorical Categorical Disjunctive Disjunctive Hypothetical Hypothetical

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Arguer-Based Approaches - Toulmin Data Data Claim Claim Warrant Warrant Backing Backing Qualifier Qualifier

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Co-Orientational Approach Level of Dispute Level of Dispute Argument Situations: Rhetorical situation is context of persons, events, objects, relations…that invites arguments. Argument Situations: Rhetorical situation is context of persons, events, objects, relations…that invites arguments.  Situations  Argument fitting to situation  Situation prescribes criteria for response  Situations impermanent

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Co-Orientational Approach - Relationships Interdependent connections between arguer and recipients Interdependent connections between arguer and recipients Competing Competing Collaborating Collaborating Avoiding Avoiding Compromising Compromising Accommodating Accommodating

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Chapter 3 – Argument Analysis, Criticism Benefits Benefits  Better understand the argument  Enable recipient to judge and evaluate

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Approach for Analysis Simple Arguments – One Premise and a Claim Simple Arguments – One Premise and a Claim  What the arguer means  Number the statements in the argument  Identify arguer’s main claim  Diagram the argument

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Approach for Analysis (Cont.) Other Structural Patterns Other Structural Patterns  Type II complex arguments have two or more premises supporting claim  Type III arguments – Argument Chains  Type IV compound arguments use one or more premises to support more than one conclusion.

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Approach for Analysis (Cont.) Application Application  Ascertain the meaning  Number the statements  Identify the primary claim  Construct a diagram  Criticize the argument

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Argument Analysis - Fallacies Fallacies – flawed by irrelevant or inadequate evidence, erroneous reasoning, or improper expression. Fallacies – flawed by irrelevant or inadequate evidence, erroneous reasoning, or improper expression. Audience-based Audience-based  Ad Hominem  Ad Populum  Appeal to Tradition  Straw Arguments

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Fallacies (Cont.) Language-based Language-based  Equivocation  Amphiboly  Emotive Language Grounding Fallacies Grounding Fallacies  Begging question  Non Sequitur

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Fallacies (Cont.) Reason-based Reason-based  False Analogy  Hasty Generalization  False Cause  Slippery Slope

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Chapter 5 - Audience Hostile Audiences Hostile Audiences Setting and Occasion as Rhetorical Field Setting and Occasion as Rhetorical Field  For whom you speak  When you speak  Where you speak  Events surrounding your speech  The occasion

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Audience Analysis Classroom audience Classroom audience Ask direct questions Ask direct questions Questionnaire Questionnaire Inferential audience analysis – demographic categories Inferential audience analysis – demographic categories Adapt remarks to an audience Adapt remarks to an audience

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Chapter 14 – Persuasion Theories Aristotle’s artistic proofs Aristotle’s artistic proofs  Ethos  Logos  Pathos Intensification/downplay model Intensification/downplay model Evoked recall model Evoked recall model

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Persuasion Theories (Cont.) Beliefs, attitudes and values model Beliefs, attitudes and values model  Beliefs –Primitive beliefs –Shared beliefs –Derived beliefs –Matters of taste  Attitudes  Values

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Giving a Persuasive Speech Enhancing speaker credibility Enhancing speaker credibility Enhancing message credibility Enhancing message credibility Propositions of fact, value, policy Propositions of fact, value, policy Choosing message strategies Choosing message strategies  One-sided vs. two-sided arguments  Explicit vs. implicit conclusions  Evoked recall appeals

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Giving a Persuasive Speech (Cont.) Organization in a motivated sequence Organization in a motivated sequence  Attention  Need  Satisfaction  Visualization  Action Avoiding fallacies Avoiding fallacies

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Chapter 15 – Construct an Argument Argument from sign Argument from sign  Sign infallible?  Always lead to the conclusion?  Always a relationship between sign and conclusion? Argument from cause Argument from cause  Real connection?  Other causes?  Anything prevented this cause?  Cause sufficient?

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Construct an Argument (Cont.) Argument from authority Argument from authority  Qualified  Capable?  Behavior consistent?

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Construct an Argument (Cont.) Argument by definition Argument by definition  Operational  Example  Association  Definition confusing?  Means more than one thing?  Emotionally loaded?  Generally agreeable?

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Construct an Argument (Cont.) Argument from analogy Argument from analogy  Important points of comparison  Any points of difference?  Comparison outweighs difference? Argument from example Argument from example  Extended  Example typical?  Enough examples?  Example relevant?

Copyright © 2008, Terry Hudson Construct an Argument (Cont.) Argument by deduction Argument by deduction  Nature of the groups true?  This member truly belongs to this group? Process of proving – degrees of proof Process of proving – degrees of proof  Impossible  Possible  Plausible  Probable  Certainty