Random effects as latent variables: SEM for repeated measures data Dr Patrick Sturgis University of Surrey

Overview Random effects (multi-level) models for repeated measures data. Random effects as latent variables. Specifying time in LGC models. Growth parameters. Linear Growth. Plotting observed and fitted growth. Predicting Growth. An example: Issue Voting

Repeated Measures & Random Effects A problem when analysing panel data is how to account for the correlation between observations on the same subject. Different approaches handle this problem in different ways. E.g. impose different structures on the residual correlations (exchangeable, unstructured, independent). Assume correlations between repeated observations arise because the regression coefficients vary across subjects. So, we have average (or ‘fixed’) effects for the population as a whole. And individual variability (or ‘random’) effects around these average coefficients. This is sometimes referred to as a ‘random effects’ or ‘multi- level’ model.

SEM for Repeated Measures The primary focus of this course has been on how latent variables can be used on cross-sectional data. The same framework can be used on repeated measured data to overcome the correlated residuals problem. The mean of a latent variable is used to estimate to the ‘average’ or fixed effect. The variance of a latent variable represents individual heterogeneity around the fixed coefficient – the ‘random’ effect. For cross-sectional data latent variables are specified as a function of different items at the same time point. For repeated measures data, latent variables are specified as a function of the same item at different time points.

LV X11X12X13X14 E1 1 E2 1 E3 1 E4 1 A Single Latent Variable Model 4 different items same item at 4 time points Estimate mean and variance of underlying factor Estimate mean and variance of trajectory of change over time Estimate factor loadingsConstrain factor loadings

Random Effects as Latent Variables So, it turns out that another way of estimating growth trajectories on repeated measures data is as latent variables in SEM models. The mean of the latent variable is the fixed part of the model. –It indicates the average for the parameter in the population. The variance of the latent variable is the random part of the model. –It indicates individual heterogeneity around the average. –Or inter-individual difference in intra-individual change.

Growth Parameters The earlier path diagram was an over- simplification. In practice we require at least two latent variables to describe growth. One to estimate the mean and variance of the intercept (usually denoting initial status). And one to estimate the mean and variance of the slope (denoting change over time).

Specifying Time in LGC Models In random effect models, time is included as an independent variable: In LGC models, time is included via the factor loadings of the latent variables. We constrain the factor loadings to take on particular values. The number of latent variables and the values of the constrained loadings specify the shape of the trajectory.

A Linear Growth Curve Model Constraining values of the intercept to 1 makes this parameter indicate initial status Constraining values of the slope to 0,1,2,3 makes this parameter indicate linear change

File structure for LGC For random effect models, we use ‘long’ data file format. There are as many rows as there are observations. For LGC, we use ‘wide’ file formats. Each case (e.g. respondent) has only one row in the data file.

An Example We are interested in the development of knowledge of SEM during a course. We have measures of knowledge on individual students taken at 4 time points. Test scores have a minimum value of zero and a maximum value of 25. We specify linear growth.

Linear Growth Example mean=11.2 (1.4) p<0.001 variance =4.1 (0.8) p<0.001 mean=1.3 (0.25) p<0.001 variance =0.6 (0.1) p<

Interpretation The average level of knowledge at time point one was 11.2 There was significant variation across respondents in this initial status. On average, students increased their knowledge score by 1.2 units at each time point. There was significant variation across respondents in this rate of growth. Having established this descriptive picture, we will want to explain this variation.

Graphical Displays It is useful to graph observed and fitted growth trajectories. This gives us a clear picture of heterogeneity in individual development. This is useful for determining which time function(s) to specify. And can highlight model mis-specifications in a way that is difficult to spot with just the numerical estimates.

Observed Individual Trajectories

Fitted Trajectories

Explaining Growth Up to this point the models have been concerned only with describing growth. These are unconditional LGC models. We can add predictors of growth to explain why some people grow more quickly than others. These are conditional LGC models.

Predicting Growth Some predictors of growth do not change during the period of observation. E.g. sex, parental social class, date of birth. These are referred to as ‘fixed’ or time-constant. Other predictors change over time and may influence the outcome variable. E.g. parental status, health status. These are referred to as time-varying covariates.

Fixed Predictors of Growth Do men have a different initial status than women? Do men grow at a different rate than women? Gender (women = 0; men=1) Does initial status influence rate of growth?

Example: Issue Voting Proximity to parties on issue dimensions strongly related to political preferences... All previous investigations use between-person analysis of cross-sectional data. Is individual change in issue proximity correlated with individual change in party evaluation over the 5 years of the panel? Is this relationship moderated by level of political knowledge? British Election Panel Study

Direction and Proximity P1P2VP3 Proximity – voter prefers party closest to them Direction – voter prefers party strongest on same side of issue as them LeftRight Penalty applied to parties outside ‘region of acceptability’

Issue Dimensions European Integration –Some people feel that Britain should do all it can to unite fully with the European Union. Other people feel that Britain should do all it can to protect its independence from the European Union. Taxation and spending –Some people feel that the government should put up taxes a lot and spend much more on health and social services. Other people feel that the government should cut taxes a lot and spend much less on health and social services.

Issue Dimensions Income redistribution –Some people feel that government should make much greater efforts to make people’s incomes more equal. Other people feel that government should be much less concerned about how equal people’s incomes are. Unemployment and Inflation –Some people feel that getting people back to work should be the government's top priority. Other people feel that keeping prices down should be the government's top priority.

Spatial & Directional Scores 97-01

Party Evaluations Choose a phrase from this scale to say how you feel about the Labour/Conservative/Liberal Democrat party 5. Strongly Against 4. Against 3. Neither/Nor 2. In Favour 1. Strongly in Favour

Path Diagram for LGC Models

Cross-Sectional Betas of party evaluation on proximity by Knowledge of Party Positions

Betas of party evaluation slope on proximity slope from LGC models by Knowledge of Party Positions

Conclusions For more sophisticated voters, change in policy proximity correlated with change in evaluation. No relationship between change in policy proximity and evaluation for least sophisticated. Cross-sectional parameters tell us nothing about temporal dimension of relationships.