REVSISION AND STREAMING AND LABELLING IN THE CLASSROOM 1. ESSAY REVISION 2. ESSAY PLANNING Q AND A 3. TIMED ESSAY ON THEORIES OF EDUCATION 4. COFFEE BREAK 5. INTRODUCTION TO LABELLING AND STREAMING –ACTIVITY 6. PP SLIDES: STREAMING /LABELLING HARGREAVES AND BALL 7. ESSAY AND EXAM PLANNING 8. VOCABULARY

Essay Revision Create a list of strengths and weaknesses for each theory of education, Make another list with similarities and differences: Parsons, Davis and Moore/Functionalist Marxist: Althusser, Bowles and Gintis, Paul Willis Feminist New Right/Third Way Post Modern

Activity! You are both trainee teachers and have been asked to joint teach a new group English. You know nothing about the students, other than that they are of mixed abilities and from different schools. You have to decide who you will enter into the end of year competition for the school. The exam is hard and requires advanced skills. How will you find out what skills the students have?..Who needs more help? Who is at risk of not being entered? Who is outstanding and very able? Design a teaching plan for your next 6 weekly sessions with the students outlining how you will prepare and sort the students.

Streaming and Labelling David Hargreaves (Social relations in a Secondary School, 1967). Takes an Interactionist approach. Studies an all boys school. Wanted to understand why 2 subcultures develop: the ‘academic’ and the ‘delinquescent’. Found that streaming played a large part. Boys placed in the lowest stream were most likely to become part of the ‘delinquescent’, where as those in a stream tended to conform. Argued streaming creates a sense of ‘inferiority; in lower streams. This is linked to labelling: teachers label students according to supposed ability, then stream..

Labellling –Nell Keddie Nell Keddie (1971) Labelling: Idea that teachers label students with either positive or negative labels. Other students and adults might label children as well Self fulfilling Prophecy: Student either accept the label and become the label, or reject the label and rebel. Found working class children were labelled unfairly as unitelligent or stupid because of unruly behaviour. ‘cultural deprivation’ is a myth. Argues education needs to build on working class culture, not just middle class

Stephen ball: Beachside Comprehensive, a Case Study of Secondary Schooling: 1981 Looks at idea of ‘banding’ Found that even when teachers taught mixed ability students, that they still stereotyped or ‘labelled’ them. Pro School: 1) Supportive: conformers, because they belive they should. Manipulative: conformers because it suits their self interest 2) Anti School: Passive ‘ drifters’. Non conformists, apathetic. Rejecting (active non conformers, rebels) What Marxist study of boys is this similar to? * All internal explanations are one sided without consideration of outside school factors.

Essay and Exam planning……. In a group or pairs: 1. Make a list of as many criticisms and merits that you can think of for labelling and streaming in schools. 2. Now: Consider Hargreaves study of streaming in school and Balls study of banding. 3. Do any of your criticisms apply? 4. Explain why?

Some other Terms and Theories to explore….. Find out what these terms mean: Cultural reproduction Economic Reproduction Differentation in education Cultural Deprivation Sub Culture Peer Group Michael Rutter: Fifteen Thousand Hours (study of impact of teachers on educational attainment) (this is a good alternative to use at the end of an essay on labelling or streaming)*