Overview of High-Performance Vehicles as Naval Platforms Volker Bertram

High-performance Marine Vehicles Our definition: no simple monohull form weight supported by: hydrostatic buoyancy hydrodynamic lift aerostatic lift aerodynamic lift hybrid High-performance usually includes: usually high speeds good seakeeping characteristics enhanced manoeuvrability reduced signatures

MTG conducted study of HPMVs SYTKA = System Technology for Future Combatants compared displacement fast monohull to HPMVs identifying as potential alternatives SWATH high-speed SWATH (HSS) surface-effect ship (SES) trimaran

HPMVs investigated in terms of 4 characteristics Design characteristics: platform stability general arrangement (deck area and volume space) maximum draft ... Hydrodynamic characteristics: range of operating speed propulsion configuration speed loss in waves seakeeping, manoeuvrability weight and trim sensitivity

HPMVs investigated in terms of 4 characteristics Structural characteristics: global strength, local strength dynamic loads (slamming) use of advanced materials complex structures ... Other characteristics: acquisition and operating costs state of development of the technology survivability: detectability or stealth characteristics vulnerability

Classification follows sustention triangle almost 100 different concepts for hybrids different stages of development: preliminary concept prototypes in operation

Displacement ships SWATH HSS trimaran wave piercer

Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull (SWATH) superior seakeeping large deck area higher power requirement weight and trim sensitive large draft acquisition and operating costs

Early SWATH demonstrators in USA and Japan “Hibeki“ Japan T-AGOS US Navy

German SWATH development in 2001 Wehrforschungsschiff, TNSW

German SWATH development in 2001 SWATHs for pilots of Abeking+Rasmussen A+R proposed also navy SWATH

German Navy project for mine-hunting SWATHs for Navy Applications Cooperation: Luerssen Shipyard, A+R

SWATH “Sea Shadow” stealth technology demonstrator source: http://www.fas.org

Lower resistance through wave system interaction SWATH SLICE Lower resistance through wave system interaction source: Lockheed Martin

High Speed SWATH (HSS) GTS Stena Explorer MTG HSS design Stern planing catamaran SWATH bow section source: http://192.49.188.22

Trimarans allow high speeds Record-breaking “Adventurer” Artist vision Reality

UK Navy: Trimaran demonstrator Trimaran Demonstrator “Triton” low power at high speed reduced operating costs better damage stability good seakeeping large deck area efficient payload layout good survivability ? source: http://www.trimaran.dera.gov.uk

Trimarans investigated by several navies Concept study of MTG

Incat HSV-X1 “Joint Venture” Wave Piercer Incat 045, HMAS “Jervis Bay” Incat HSV-X1 “Joint Venture” source: http://www.incat.com.au

Incat HSV-X1 “Joint Venture” (US Army) Wave Piercer Incat HSV-X1 “Joint Venture” (US Army) 500 fully equipped troops 40+ knots up to 1000 nm

Paragon Mann: VSV Wave Piercer Patrol boat source: http://www.halmatic.co.uk

Stealth design“Sea Wraith” Wave Piercer Projects Stealth designDD 21 project Stealth design“Sea Wraith” MTG Frigate source: http://www.dd21.goldteam.com

Only civilian applications built Fast Monohull Only civilian applications built source: Blohm&Voss

Hydrofoils

Canadian Bras d‘Or Russian Mukha class PHM (Boeing) Fully Submerged Hydrofoils (FSH) Surface Piercing Hydrofoils (SPH) Canadian Bras d‘Or Russian Mukha class PHM (Boeing) high cruising speed improved seakeeping limited payload capability large draft photo: Ehlers

Air-Cushion Vehicles

underwater explosions small draft and underwater signature very high speed low vulnerability to underwater explosions small draft and underwater signature amphibious capability affected by wind trim sensitivity high acquisition cost high maintenance cost source: http://www.tmls.textron.com

(Landing Craft Air Cushion) USA employs ACV as LCAC (Landing Craft Air Cushion)

Russian LCAC Pomornik class Largest ACV worldwide 150t payload, 63 knots Russian LCAC Aist Class 70 knots photos: Ehlers

ACVs suitable for operation in ice Finnish ACV “Tuuli”delivered in 2002 photos: Ehlers

SES (Surface Effect Ships)

Air Cushion Catamarans (SES) No surface effect involved operate at high speeds (> 40 knots) reduced underwater signature improved shock resistance good platform stability shallow draft and large deck area speed loss in head seas loss of amphibious capability high acquisition and maintenance costs

Various SES built and operated by navies AGNES 200 (FR) Oksøy class minehunter (NO) “Bora“ missile corvette (RU)

Stealth SES built in Scandinavia Skjöld class patrol boat (NO) “Smyge“ (SE)

SES Demonstrator “Corsair” MEKAT concept allows modular conversion Blohm&Voss

Air-Cavity Ship uses air-lubrification 1.5-2.5% engine power for air film vs. 20-30% in SES Principle Smerna Ropax Blohm&Voss

Hybrid Hydrofoils Hysucat HYSWAS

HYSWAS = Hydrofoil small waterplane area ship + extended range + good seakeeping high cost payload critical Foil contribute 30-70% lift

German Concept study never realized Design study for fast ferry by Bremer Vulkan photos: EMIT

Japanese built prototype TSL-F

Navy HYSWAS projected US Projects ranging from patrol boat to 2400t frigate

HYSWAS demonstrator: “Quest” Tested 1995, US Navy

Hysucat: Hydrofoil-supported catamaran South-African development, Tandem foil arrangement + good seakeeping + low resistance – foil tailored to design condition

Sustention Pyramid

Wing-in-Ground (WIG) = Ekranoplans very high cruising speeds good transport efficiency (vs aeroplanes) no airports needed safety concerns low payload take-off requires high power Source: jpcolliat.free.fr/ekra/ekraA.html

Russian Navy used Ekranoplans “Caspian Sea Monster” 550t weight (>747-400) 500 km/h Source: jpcolliat.free.fr/ekra/ekraA.html

Russian Navy used Ekranoplans “Lun” (missile launcher) 400t weight, 450 km/h Source: jpcolliat.free.fr/ekra/ekraA.html

Russian Navy used Ekranoplans “Orlyonok” (troop transporter) 110t weight, 400 km/h Source: jpcolliat.free.fr/ekra/ekraA.html

US Navy has studied WIGs as transporters

German Wing-in-Ground (WIG) Flightship Hoverwing

Many more concepts exist... Deep-V monohull Planing hulls Semi-planing hulls Weinblume (staggered hull cataramans) ...

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