T-Craft—What, Why & How? Dr. Alfred Skolnick and Mr. Robert A. Wilson Presentation to SNAME T & R Advanced Ships & Craft Panel and International Hydrofoil Society June 12, 2012 Materials Hydrodynamics

SES-100B Mission Readiness Inspection A Little Nostalgia A Few Of Us Had Still Hoped For Another Ride On a Game Changing Concept SES-100B Mission Readiness Inspection June 27, 1972

How the T-Craft INP Program Got Started Naval Studies Board Report’s Closing Remarks Office of Naval Research’s Innovative Naval Prototype Program Innovative Naval Prototypes explore high 6.2 and 6.3 technologies that can dramatically change the way naval forces fight. OBJECTIVE 2000 – 2500nm 25 – 250nm ISB Sea Base ONR BAA 05-020 Sea Base Enablers - The Transformable Craft To achieve Operational Maneuver From The Sea, large capital investments in major new capabilities probably would be necessary, including: A rugged, large-capacity, high speed landing craft, designed to interface efficiently with amphibious assault ships, logistics ships, and logistics units ashore.

T-Craft Candidate Program Plan Completion Contract Awards Phase I: Concept Refinement* Phase I Tech. Eval. ONR DoI/PEO Ships Decision Technology Transition Opportunities FY07 FY08 FY13 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY14 Phase II: Technology Development Phase III: System Development, Demonstration, and Deployment FY06 Phase II Tech. Eval. ONR DoI/PEO Ships Decision (* Interim Tasking For Concept Refinement to restore Phase II Contracts Alignment) Phase I Identification of technologies Competitive prototype designs Technology risk assessment Development of Phase II plan 9 month period of performance* T-Craft as a project was set up as a competition between companies or consortiums of companies. The project was announced to industry in the form of a Broad Agency Announcement. Phase I: $2 Million contract (per team) to develop a concept and preliminary designs for a prototype T-Craft Phase II: $8-10 Million contract (per team) to create detailed designs for a prototype T-Craft Phase III: $150 Million contract to build and test the prototype T-Craft Phase II Concept down select Technology development T-Craft contract design Model testing 24 month period of performance Phase III Final design submittals Prototype-demonstrator construction options open 4

T-Craft Vision and Impact Vision: T-Craft can enable embarked forces to project power ashore without reliance on ports and airfields in the objective area. Improved Port Impact: T-Craft provides the amphibious capability, cargo capacity, and speed that has wide applicability across the full range of military operations. Austere Port No Port 5 5

T-Craft Concept Evolution — Step 1 Desired Capabilities & Design Attributes Large Cargo Area - Catamaran - Trimaran - Air Cushion Vehicle - Surface Effect Ship High Speed & Acceptable Motions - Long Slender Hulls - ACV Cushion & Bow & Stern Seals - Minimized Hull Wetted Area - Waterjet Propulsion - Ride Control System Umoe Mandal’s Concept Operating in its High-Speed SES Mode

T-Craft Concept Evolution — Step 2 Desired Capabilities & Design Attributes Motions Control & Position Station-Keeping - Active Ride Control Systems - Dynamic Positioning Systems - Motions Control Sensors & Actuation - Waterjets & Other Lateral Force Generators Cargo Transfer from the Sea Base - Deployable Ramp Systems - Relatively Stable Platforms - Motion Compensating Cranes - Vertical Access to Cargo deck from Above Textron Marine & Land System’s Concept Operating in Various Cargo Transfer Modes

T-Craft Concept Evolution — Step 3 Desired Capabilities & Design Attributes Deliver Cargo Feet-Dry - Deployable & Retractable ACV Side Skirts - Deployable Ramp System - Air Propulsion & Propulsor System Alion Science & Technology’s Concept Operating in the ACV Mode

T-Craft Merges Three Unique Ship Concepts Catamaran Concept T- is for Transformable ACV Concept SES Concept 9

T-Craft Program Accomplishments Demonstrator Concept Feasibility BAA Threshold Desired Capabilities Cargo Payload Weight 300 lt Cargo Payload Area 2,500 sq. ft. Un-Refueled Range no cargo 2,500 nm with cargo 500 nm Speed thru SS-5 20 knots Speed thru SS-4 40 knots Beach Slope Climbing 0.5 % Alion Science & Technology Cargo Payload Area 7,500 sq.ft. Speed SS-4 41 knots Textron Marine & Land Systems Umoe Mandal Cargo Payload Wt 352 lt Cargo Payload Area 10,043 sq.ft. Unrefueled Range 3,210 nm Beach Slope Climbing 2.8% All Contractor T-Craft Demonstrator Designs Met or Exceeded the BAA Desired Capabilities

T-Craft Program Accomplishments Advancing Technologies & Training Our Next-Generation Of Naval Engineers

T-Craft Technology Thrusts Changing SES and ACV Art to Science Fluid Dynamics 2-Body Motions Predictions - Provide model test data for V&V - Recommend motions prediction codes - Examine the effectiveness of ride control and dynamic controls technologies for enhancing ship motions and station-keeping CFD Solutions to: - 3-Dimensional cushion pressure contours in the cushion region - Impact of 3-D contours on waterjet performance Virginia Tech, University of Michigan George Mason Univ., T-Craft Contractors

T-Craft Technology Thrusts Changing SES and ACV Art to Science Advance State-of-the-Art in SES model testing Technical Thrusts Provide an extensive and available model test data-base for V&V with analytical predictions Evaluate sidehull / waterjet inlet interaction in calm water and waves Determine minimum power condition, (heave and trim), accounting for waterjet air ingestion Textron Model in Carriage 3, May 2012

T-Craft Technology Thrusts Changing SES and ACV Art to Science Propulsion Littoral/Surf Zone Hydrodynamics - Develop a probability-based design and analysis methodology for SES-waterjet propulsion systems - Advance the fundamental understanding of, and predictabilities for, the transient hydroelastic response of SES-waterjet propulsion systems - Surf Zone Dynamics — Observed Offshore conditions, assumed bathymetric wave transformations, surf zone - Fluid kinematics near the surf zone are non-linear - Involve error based probability analyses US Naval Academy, University of Hawaii University of Michigan

T-Craft Technology Thrusts Changing SES and ACV Art to Science Composite Structures Structural Material Fabrication Comparisons Providing structural design, construction and cost comparisons between large ship structures made from aluminum, composites and titanium - Dynamic modeling of sandwich beams - Vibration-based damage detection - Damage caused non-linear-physical basis for on-line health monitoring & diagnosis Wayne State University University of New Orleans, T-Craft Contractors

T-Craft Technology Thrusts ONR Titanium T-Craft Mid-Ship Program Lead by Prof. Pingsha Dong, Northrop Grumman Endowed Chair in Shipbuilding & Engineering, University of New Orleans Can titanium ship structures be cost-effective? What are the enabling technologies to make it a reality? What are the implications on naval shipyards? What we have found so far?

T-Craft Technology Thrusts Titanium Mid-Ship Section Program Demonstrated Accomplishments Fit-For-Purpose based “ship hull grade” specification Titanium Welded T’s, bent L’s and flat bar structural shapes vice standard extrusions Manufacturing and performance data developed for construction and structural performance for optimized Total Ownership Cost Full box frame structure is currently being erected at Textron Ship Grade Titanium Spec. Welding Processes Extensive Math Modeling

Platform Affordability T-Craft Technology Thrusts Does the Titanium T-Craft Mid‐Ship Section Help Meet ONR’s Total Ownership Cost Focus-Area Objectives? Platform Affordability Titanium suitability for fabrication of ship hulls Economic benefits Construction efficiency Positive operational impact Lifecycle and Sustainment Cost Corrosion resistant & good fatigue properties

Concluding Thoughts ●The T-Craft concept provides capabilities never before available in a sea to shore connector. ●Since the U.S. Navy has chosen not to build a demonstrator at this time, it may be appropriate for others in the world community to sponsor and build a point-design prototype meeting the humanitarian aid mission ●Surely, sufficient recent national emergencies and world crises have occurred where a T-Craft could have brought rapid help and relief

T-Craft A New Concept now ready for WAR or Peace