Read the following online: SRAC pub: 2403 (crawfish)

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Salmonid Life Cycle.
Advertisements

General Information Pacific salmon (several species within genus Oncorhynchus) and Atlantic salmon constitute the bulk of salmon production worldwide Pacific.
The Life Cycle of Salmon
Salmon Life Cycle Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
Will Coker. us Sciaenops Ocellatus Wide distribution spreading from the Western Atlantic to Mexico and S. America Found in sandy or muddy coastal waters.
TILAPIA CULTURE. Water Temperatures for: Tilapia are native to Africa, Israel and Jordan Best growth- above 77 0 F Spawning - above 68 0 F Death- 50 to.
WARM-FRESHWATER AQUACROPS [objectives]
Salmon, Cod and Trout.  Salmon have a most interesting life. One that takes them from the rivers and streams to the high seas of the Ocean, and back.
Environmental Resources Unit C Animal Wildlife Management.
CULTURE OF ASIAN SEABASS
Pacific Salmon Anadromous Lifestyles. Define Anadromous O A fish that is born in freshwater, spends its adult life in the ocean, and then returns to freshwater.
TILAPIA CULTURE by Leonard Lovshin Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures Auburn University, AL U.S.A.
An Introduction to Aquaculture
Propagating and Selling Fish!
Bull Minnow Aquaculture Kaylee D’Aloise. Taxonomy Scientific Name: -Fundulus grandis Common Names: -gulf Killifish -mud minnows -mudfish -bullminnow.
Trout and Salmon Culture. Salmonid Life Cycle Commonly Cultured Trout Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Brown TroutBrown Trout Salmo trutta Brook Trout.
Presentation by Karen Jensen Marine Aquaculture 2013.
Aquaculture of Marine Shrimp
Salmon Species Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
CHANNEL CATFISH CULTURE
Problem Area 3 Fish Management. Next Generation Science / Common Core Standards Addressed HS ‐ LS4 ‐ 5. Evaluate the evidence supporting claims that changes.
Cobia Aquaculture Todd Shomber
Culture of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar ) By Leonard Lovshin Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquaculture Auburn University, Alabama, USA.
Salmon Elaine Christian. Taxonomy *Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)* Salmon Trout (Salmo gairdneri --> Oncorhynchus mykiss) – Anadromous: Steelhead salmon/Ocean.
Hybrid Striped Bass: Spawning Dr. Craig Kasper Hillsborough Community College FAS 1012 Aquaculture.
Food Fish Aquaculture Cortney Ohs, Ph.D. University of Florida Indian River Research and Education Center School of Forest Resources and Conservation Program.
Profiles of Presently Cultured Species in Ohio
Aquaculture microbiology (I)
Hybrid Striped Bass: Spawning Dr. Craig Kasper Hillsborough Community College FAS 1012 Aquaculture.
Sea Bass Aquaculture By: Eric Brown.
Thomas Piecuch  Natural range extends from central Mexico to Massachusetts.  World Record 94 lbs. 2 oz.  AL state record.
Chapter 23 West Coast Fishing. Types of Catch  Pacific Salmon is the most important catch for the West Coast fishing industry.
West Coast and Other Fisheries. West Coast Fishery Salmon is most important (400 times larger than Atlantic catch) Salmon is most important (400 times.
Oyster Culture in North America SRAC 0432 The Cultivation of American Oysters SRAC 0433 Biology and Culture of the Hard Clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) SRAC.
Save Our Wild Salmon It’s Up to You!. Save Our Wild Salmon It’s Up to You! Goals: Wild vs. Farmed? Eat Wild - It’s Good For You! Survival of Wild? What.
Environmental Resources Unit C Animal Wildlife Management.
Aquaculture the controlled production of animals that normally live in water (fish farming) three thousand year old practice started by the Egyptians.
Life Cycle of the Salmon
SALMON LIFE CYCLE AND TYPES OF SALMON Eggs After the adult salmon lay their eggs and covers them up with gravel they will die. Then approximately 2.5.
Sea Bass Aquaculture John Lawson. Species of Sea Bass Grown in Aquaculture Lutes calcarifer, Barramundi Dicentrarchus labrax, European Sea Bass Lateolabrax.
 Bahamas  Researching sustainable cobia mariculture from breeding to market  Use artificial mangroves for waste water treatment  Grow out in offshore,
 Bull Minnow Fundulus Grandis A.K.A. Gulf Killifish, Mud Minnows.
History of Aquaculture in the United States…and Florida.
Burgundy Hanna. Taxonomy of Aquacultured Salmon Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar Salmon Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch Chinook.
Commonly Cultured Species in the United States Spring 2013 Davis.
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 10 The Aquaculture Industry.
Living the Life of a Trout!
“Farming the Waters” An Introduction to Aquaculture Willy the Catfish! BATA.
CULTURE OF GREY MULLETS. Grey mullets and milkfish are one of the important group of cultured species in Vallis of the Mediterranean lagoons (Italy) Coastal.
SALMON. BASIC SALMON FACTS & TERMS Are anadromous, meaning that they are hatched and reared in freshwater, but spend part of life in sea before returning.
Salmon Maia Janz Geography 12 Mrs. Hayter. What are Salmon? Salmon are anadromous fish which means they breed and spawn in freshwater but spend most of.
Culture of Marine Shrimp Culture of Marine Shrimp By Leonard Lovshin Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquaculture Auburn University, AL USA.
List 3 reasons why it is important to preserve freshwater fish species.
ARTIFICIAL BREEDING AND FARMING OF BARB (“COC” FISH)
Aquaculture Science Chapter 4 Study/Review Management Practices for Finfish.
Rosalie Flores Marine Aquaculture. Echinoderm (echino=spiny, derms = skins) Paracentrotus lividus – European Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (green.
Aquaculture Unit 11th -12th Grade.
What is Aquaculture?. An Introduction to Aquaculture by Gregor Reid Woodland Christian High School February 10, 2004.
The Cycle Continues Slides 1-35
External Fertilization
Salmon Life Cycle Ms. Forehand.
Diadromous Fish.
The Salmon Review Game Show
An Introduction to Aquaculture David Cline Extension Aquaculturist
The Life Cycle Of Salmon
Atlantic Salmon.
Salmon Life Cycle 6th Class Kiltartan National School.
Catfish Culture.
Culture of Hybrid Striped Bass In the U. S.
Trout and Salmon Culture
Presentation transcript:

http://srac.tamu.edu/index.cfm?catid=9 Read the following online: SRAC pub: 2403 (crawfish) SRAC 0483 Freshwater Prawns: Biology and Life History SRAC 0484 Pond Production of the Freshwater Prawn in Temperate Climates SRAC 4830 Economics of Freshwater Prawn Farming in the United States 3. Hybrid striped bass: SRAC 0300 Hybrid Striped Bass: Biology and Life History SRAC 0301 Hybrid Striped Bass: Hatchery Phase SRAC 0302 Hybrid Striped Bass: Fingerling Production in Ponds SRAC 0303 Hybrid Striped Bass: Pond Production of Foodfish Trout: SRAC 0220 Trout Production: Handling Eggs and Fry

Trout and Salmon Culture

Salmonid Life Cycle

Commonly Cultured Trout Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Brown Trout Salmo trutta Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis

Trout Culture

Stages of Culture - Trout Broodstock Spawning Egg incubation Fry culture Fingerling production Growout

Broodstock Females are 2 to 3 years old Males are 2 to 3 years old Can be used for more than one year but may have decreased egg quality and quantity Males are 2 to 3 years old Can be used several times in one spawning season but not for more than one year

Dry Spawning

Eggs “Green eggs” = eggs from 48 hours post-spawn to eyed stage Can be shipped in plastic eggs at 38°F Ship eggs wrapped in damp cheese cloth Chill with ice and let water drip onto eggs

Egg Incubation

Trout – Sac Fry = Alevins

Size Grading

Trout Fingerling Production

Trout Growout Raceways Ponds Cages Tri-Omega Trout Farm, Pisgah National Forest in Transylvania, NC

Trout Growout Raceways Ponds Cages Tri-Omega Trout Farm, Pisgah National Forest in Transylvania, NC

Trout Raceways in NC

Trout Raceways In Idaho

Trout Pond Culture

Trout Tank Culture

Marketing Trout Fee fishing Live hauling Filet products

Fee Fishing

Live Hauling

Fillet Products

Salmon Culture

There are six species of salmon in the Pacific Northwest There are six species of salmon in the Pacific Northwest. The largest salmon, the Chinook, can reach over 6 feet in length and weighs over 100 pounds.

Atlantic Salmon stock enhancement - collection of wild broodstock

The Salmon Life Cycle In the fall, salmon deposit eggs in the gravel of flowing streams. After spawning (laying eggs), the salmon die sometimes inches from where they were hatched! Amazing instincts! Eggs hatch in the spring, and the alevin grow quickly. Later, the fingerlings continue to grow toward maturity in the streams near their birthplace. As they get closer to their spawning grounds, salmon change in their appearance. Some salmon travel over 1000 miles to lay their eggs. Salmon can grow to be over 100 pounds as they feast in the nutrient- rich waters of the ocean. When full grown, the beautiful, silvery fish begin their migration back to the waters of their birth. When they become strong enough to swim in rushing currents, and quick enough to escape their enemies, the salmon begin migrating to the sea.

Commonly Cultured Salmon Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha

Atlantic salmon hatchery

Stages of Salmon Culture Spawning Egg incubation Fry culture Fingerling production Growout

Salmon Egg Incubation

Sac Fry Culture

Alevin Tiny alevin grow quickly after being hatched. When they are as long as your fingernail, they are called fry, and look like real fish! When they get to be about as long as your longest finger, they are given a new name -- smolt. As the smolt grow, they eventually begin their migration to the ocean. Smolt Ocean Bound!

Salmon Fingerling Production

Salmon Fingerling Production

Salmon Growout Hills Island Salmon Farm, Canada Extensive Net Pens

Salmon - Extensive Culture Culture fingerlings in tanks Stock fingerlings (smolts) into native streams Fish will migrate to the ocean and undergo smoltification Fish will live in open ocean for approximately 3 years Fish will return to stream they were planted (chloramine-T, Seattle) Can be harvested when they return and before they die Approximately 1 in 1000 return

Salmon - Net Pen Culture

Salmon Net Pens Stocking density 8 – 14 kg/m3, but 75 kg/m3 possible! Feeding by hand, or electronic (SONAR) Atlantic salmon ~80% of net pens in the Pacific Northwest and Canada. Why Atlantic salmon in Pacific???? Better FCR, higher survival, better dressout %. Escapees of Atlantic salmon into Pacific Ocean problem? Not yet! Escapees experience high mortality, poor reproduction, do not spawn with Pacific salmon

Salmon Processing

Marketing Fillets

Figure 1.2.10 Total finfish aquaculture production by major species groups in 2000 (values expressed as % by weight) CATFISHES Total production 23,067,973 metric tons & valued at US $ 31,565,104,100 in 2000 FILTER FEEDING CYPRINIDS MARINE FISHES EELS MILKFISH SALMONIDS CATFISH TILAPIA OTHER FRESHWATER FISHES PELLET FEEDING CYPRINIDS

Pictures and diagrams found in this photo essay are courtesy of: Credits Pictures and diagrams found in this photo essay are courtesy of: The Alaskan Department of Fish and Game The Washington Department of Fish and Game The Army Corps of Engineers The US National Marine Fisheries

These salmon are on their way to the ocean where they may live for 1-5 years, depending on the species, before returning to the rivers and streams to spawn (lay eggs). Only one salmon out of a thousand salmon survives to return to the river to spawn. What are some possible reasons why such a small percentage of salmon actually live long enough to lay eggs?

Along the way are many hazards – some more hungry than others! Going home! These salmon are on their way back to the waters of their birth. Scientists do not know how salmon find the exact location of their birthplace, but their sense of smell (and the chemical signature of the waters) is an important cue. Along the way are many hazards – some more hungry than others!

Replenishing Nutrients When salmon die after spawning, they provide nutrients to plants and animals near the rivers in which they swam. It has been found that 20 % of the nitrogen (an important element for all living things) in evergreen trees that grow next to salmon spawning waters in Alaska actually was carried upstream with salmon. These nutrients are essentially transported from the ocean to the headwaters by the salmon.

Rainbow Trout culture By Leonard Lovshin Rainbow Trout culture by Leonard L. Lovshin, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, ALabama By Leonard Lovshin Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquaculture Auburn University, Alabama, USA

Oncorynchus mykiss Distribution 1. Native – Western U. S., western Canada, Alaska and Western Pacific. 2. Introduced – Eastern U. S. and most of the temperate climate world. Oncorynchus mykiss Rainbow trout, Oncorynchus mykiss, is native to the Western continental United States west of the Rocky Mountains, western Canada, Alaska and the Western Pacific. Presently, the rainbow trout is distributed throughout the United states, Europe, South America, Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand.

Rainbow trout live their entire life cycle in fresh water Steelhead are a rainbow trout that lives most of its life in the ocean but returns to fresh water to spawn. Rainbow trout live their entire life cycle in freshwater. However, a strain of rainbow trout called a “ steelhead” breeds in freshwater and the young migrate to the ocean to feed and reach adulthood before returning to freshwater to spawn. Female Male

Food Habits – insects, crustaceans and fish Water Quality 1. Dissolved oxygen – above 5 mg/l 2. Needs water of good quality Sexual maturity – 2 to 3 years old Rainbow trout are carnivorous, living on insects, crustaceans and other fish. They require clean, high quality water with dissolved oxygen above 5 mg/l. Rainbow trout reach sexual maturity in 2 to 3 years.

Should not be above 220C and ideal for good growth is 13 to 180C Water temperature Should not be above 220C and ideal for good growth is 13 to 180C Rainbow trout are a cold water fish and live in water that does not rise above 270 C ( 810 F ). Ideal water temperatures for growth are 13 to 180 C ( 55 to 650 F ) and for reproduction are 8 to 120 C ( 46 to 520 F ).

Rainbow trout are a popular sport fish Rainbow trout are a popular sport fish. The world record taken by rod and reel is 19.1 kg Rainbow trout are a popular sport fish, found in fast flowing stream and rivers and large deep lakes and reservoirs with water temperatures cold enough to sustain growth. Rainbow trout have been widely stocked world-wide to improve sport fishing in waters without native rainbow trout populations.

1. Nature - Spawns in the Spring and needs Reproduction 1. Nature - Spawns in the Spring and needs water below 120C for 6 months to produce good quality eggs. Females spawn eggs over gravel beds in stream riffle areas. Rainbow trout normally spawn in the Spring, although some populations will spawn in the Fall. Water temperature below 120C ( 540C ) for 6 months for good egg development. Rainbow trout cultured at high altitude in regions with a tropical climate often are unable to reproduce because water temperature remains too high for egg development. Rainbow trout seek gravel beds in stream riffle areas to spawn. The female sweeps a shallow nest in the gravel. The female will deposit her eggs in the nest as males release their sperm to fertilize the eggs. The female covers the eggs with gravel before she leaves the nest area. No parental care is provided to the eggs or fry. The eggs will hatch in 20 to 50 days depending on water temperature. The recently hatched yolk-sac fry or alevins remain in the nest for 10 to 20 days obtaining nourishment from the yolk sac. When the yolk-sac is absorbed, the fry become free swimming and begin seeking food. Some trout, mainly females, are able to spawn a second season.

Reproduction Captivity – Eggs are stripped from ripe females and sperm is stripped from males and mixed in a bowl. Brood fish are raised in captivity. Eggs are manually stripped into a container and mixed with sperm stripped from several males. Water is added to the eggs and sperm to allow the sperm to fertilize the eggs. The eggs are placed in incubators until hatch. Rainbow trout can be manipulated to spawn year-round in captivity by photoperiod adjustment so eggs are available throughout the year.

Water upwelling incubator Eggs are artificially incubated and will hatch in 50 days at 70C and 20 days at 150C. Eggs are gently agitated in the incubator to assure that oxygen reaches all the eggs. Eggs will hatch in 50 days at 70C ( 450F ) and 20 days at 150C ( 590F ).

Recently Hatched Trout Fry ( Alevins ) Yolk-sac fry are too heavy to swim and remain on the bottom of the incubator or nursery trough. The fry gain nutrition from their yolk sac. When the yolk-sac is almost absorbed, the fry become free swimming and begin looking for external sources of food.

Fry will swim to the water surface seeking food Fry will swim to the water surface seeking food. At this time, commercially formulated powdered diets are fed to the fry. Fry are grown indoors for 2 to 3 weeks to provide protection and increase survival. Fry are large when they begin to swim and can be fed with powdered formulated diets at first feeding.

Culture Most trout are raised in raceways with abundant flowing water. Some trout are raised in earthen ponds with water exchange and in cages. 2. The environment, stocking density, fish growth and feeding rate are highly controlled. 3. Trout culture is divided into 3 types depending on the trout harvested. a. pink pan-sized b. white pan-sized c. salmon trout; larger than 1 kg

Pink fleshed trout Carotenoid pigments

Earthen raceways and feeding trout in Chile Earthen raceways and feeding trout in Chile. Notice netting to protect against birds. Most trout are raised in earthen or concrete raceways with abundant flowing water. Water volume is usually exchanged 3 to 8 times an hour. Water flows in the top end of the raceway and flows out the bottom end, flushing organic wastes from the raceway to maintain a clean, well oxygenated environment. Stocking density depends on water temperature and flow rate. Typical rearing densities are 1.8 kg of trout/liter/min water flow ( 15 lb/gallon/min ).

Concrete raceways and feeding trout in Brazil Concrete raceways are easier to clean and maintain but more costly to build compared to earthen raceways. The environment, stocking density, fish growth and feeding rate are highly controlled in raceways. The transparent water allows to trout farmer to observe his fish and notice unusual feeding and swimming behavior.

Idaho is the leading producer of trout in the U. S Idaho is the leading producer of trout in the U. S.. Most trout are farmed along the Snake River valley. Idaho is the leading producer of trout in the United State. Most trout are farmed along the Snake River valley.

Springs flowing into the Snake River in Idaho Abundant sources of spring water flow from the sides of the Snake River valley. The spring water can be directed through the raceways by gravity flow. The spring water maintains a constant 14.50C ( 580F ) temperature year-round.

Trout triggering a demand feeder Earthen Raceways with demand feeders in Idaho. Trout are fed with a nutritionally complete, high protein, floating diet. Trout are fed a nutritionally complete floating diet manually or by demand or automatic feeders. Demand feeders are triggered by the trout to release feed while an automatic feeder is programmed to release a given amount of feed at determined intervals. Trout are permitted to eat up to a maximum daily ration determined by water temperature and their body weight. Trout triggering a demand feeder

Concrete raceways along the Snake River in Idaho Water can be used once or numerous times before release back into the environment. Water can be dropped from raceway to raceway where topography permits. Dropping the water 30 to 60 cm ( 12 to 24 inches ) in a thin layer will reoxygenate the water so it can be reused to grow more trout in lower raceways. Water is reoxygenated as it falls from higher to lower tanks

Large Trout Raceway Farm in Idaho This large trout farm in Idaho is fully automated. Silos store trout feed that is distributed automatically to demand feeders.

Trout Raceways in Idaho Water vapor rises from these raceways in Idaho on a cold winter day because the water temperature is warmer that the surrounding air.

Trout are graded to maintain uniform size in a raceway Trout are easily graded to size and sampled in rectangular concrete raceways with a form fitted crowding bar fence. Small trout can swim through the bars and remain in the raceway, while larger trout are retained and transferred to another raceway for further growth or marketed. Separating large and small trout during the growout period permits the small trout more access to the feed and a chance to grow faster.

Trout harvest in Idaho with a fish pump. Trout reach 400 to 500 g ( 1 lb ) in Trout harvest with lift basket in North Carolina

Sludge Removal from a Raceway Effluent Settling Tank

Rainbow trout are often raised in cages to weights larger than 1 kg

Market Products Whole, gutted fillets Golden variety of rainbow trout

4. Denmark – 37,000,000 kg World Production of Rainbow Trout in 1999: 418,654 metric tons Leading Producers in 2001: 1. France – 47,500,000 kg 2. Norway – 60,000,000 kg ( all large trout, >1 kg ) 3. Italy – 44,000,000 kg 4. Denmark – 37,000,000 kg

9 % of total finfish production in U. S. U.S. annual production: 56.9 million lbs (2001) 9 % of total finfish production in U. S. State Production, lb Price/lb Idaho 39,500,000 0.87 N. Carolina 5,550,000 1.10 Washington 2,590,000 1.00 California 2,500,000 2.05 Pennsylvania 1,640,000 2.50

1. Best cold water fish available Advantages 1. Best cold water fish available 2. Grows well 3. Ease of reproduction and fingerling production 4. Good quality flesh 5. Easy to harvest 6. Stock at high densities 7. Accepts pelleted diets Disadvantages 1. Not tolerant of warm water temperatures 2. Not resistant to poor water quality and disease 3. Feeds high on the food chain

The End