Diocletian, Constantine and the End of the Roman Empire Capitoline Museums Palazzo dei Conservatori Museum: Courtyard Colossal statue of Constantine: head.

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Presentation transcript:

Diocletian, Constantine and the End of the Roman Empire Capitoline Museums Palazzo dei Conservatori Museum: Courtyard Colossal statue of Constantine: head Marble, cm 260 (= 8’ 6”) inv. MC AD

Sources for the End of the Roman Empire: 4 th -5th c. Apologists Proponents of paganism Christian fathers 4 th -6 th c. law codes (Justinian, ) Archaeological evidence fragmentary and unrevealing: graffiti disappears, coins focus on the emperors

Diocletian, Divides empire into two: tetrarchytetrarchy Diocletian (Augustus), Galerius (Caesar): East Maximian (Augustus), Constantius (Caesar): West Able administrator Rome not caput mundi (“head of world”) Retires, along with Maximian Caesars succeed

Impact of Diocletian’s rule All sovereignty  emperor Titles: Imperator, Caesar, Augustus; tribunicia potestas; Dominus noster (“our Lord”) “Adore the purple” Asian court Jovius (Diocletian) & Herculius (Maximian)

Impact of Diocletian’s rule Division of empire Prefectures: Gaul, Italy, Illyricum, Oriens. Governed by praetorian prefect 12 dioceses (3/prefecture). Governed by vicars 120 provinces (10/diocese) Equestrian bureaucracy oversaw arsenals, taxes, mail, spying, palace, largess, imperial landholdings

Impact of Diocletian’s rule Separation: military from civilian authority Army doubled in size; under duces (“dukes”) Taxes reorganized; payment “in kind” Price edict Extortion, bribery, espionage undermined integrity of empire Emphasis on mos maiorum (“ancestral tradition”) Persecution of Christians in 303

Constantine, Son of Caesar Constantius, acclaimed as emperor by troops in 306 By 310, five Augusti; by 312, down to two: Constantine vs. Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge XP (chi-rho) vision in the sky By 324, entire empire under Constantine Persecutions of Christians ceased Strengthened the military, government Founded Constantinople in 324 at Byzantium

Constantine, Constantinople – “city of Constantine” – resembled Rome Rome becomes a minor city Constantine embraced Christianity but remained pagan (pontifex maximus; worship of sun god = syncretism) Restored empire’s prestige, peace, dynasty, and was baptized on deathbed Transformed Rome to a Christian state

Decline and fall Rome sacked by Alaric, Goths in 410; last pagan emperor Romulus Augustulus 476 Why did Roman civilization end? Natural causes Social causes Economic causes Political causes Military causes Moral causes