Major food groups Carbohydrates = sugars = saccharides Lipids = fats Proteins nucleic acids  Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids (but not fats)

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)
Advertisements

Chapter 19.5-Stomach. Four Regions 1)Cardia 2)Fundus 3)Body 4)Pylorus -Pyloric sphincter CARDIA BODY FUNDUS PYLORUS Pyloric sphincter Rugae of mucosa.
Chapter 23C Digestive System Slides by Barbara Heard and W. Rose.
SF Biology II1 Digestion & Absorption Water and ions Carbohydrate (CHO) Protein Fat Vocabulary: trypsin/ogen, enterokinase, proteolytic, chylomicron, chyme,
Kinesiology 380, Fall 2007, Lecture 8-9 Digestion and Absorption.
Chapter 9: digestion.
The Small Intestine and Large Intestine
The Digestive System Chapter 23 Chemical Digestion of Specific Food Groups.
Digestive System Chapter 18.
Digestive System Parts and Function. Digestion All organisms are composed of four complex biological molecules: lipids (or fats), proteins, carbohydrates,
D IGESTION OF C ARBOHYDRATE, P ROTEIN, AND F AT Biology 233 Exercise 10.2.
THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM THE CHEMICAL DIGESTION.
8.4 Digestion Small Intestine, Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder, Large Intestine,
Digestive Process and Enzymes. Review What is the difference between physical digestion and chemical digestion? What is an enzyme? Why are enzymes specific.
POWERPOINT ® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by LYNN CIALDELLA, MA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin Additional Text by J Padilla exclusively for Physiolgy.
Digestive Enzymes By Serena (Xu Ruijia).
Animal nutrition Chapter 41.
Digestive and absorptive functions of the gastrointestinal system 1.
Digestive System Gastrointestinal Tract 1. Mouth Accessory Structures
What happens where? STARCH to MALTOSESALIVARY AMYLASE REACTANT/PRODUCTENZYME PROTEINS to PEPTIDES LIPASE Chymo/trypsin LIPIDS to FAs & GLYCEROL PROTEINS.
Chemical Digestion Ms. Lowrie Biology 11. Enzymes  Biological catalysts  Made in ribosomes = proteins  Three types in digestion: Carbohydrase Lipase.
Digestive Enzymes Throughout the digestive system, enzymes break down the food into useful substances.  Recall that enzymes are protein catalysts – they.
Digestion (Core) Stephen Taylor i-Biology.net.
The Digestive System Lab
Thursday, January 14 th, 2010 DAILY QUIZ #1 You will need a sheet of lined paper + pen/pencil Clear off desk Put up a binder/text between person next to.
Digestive System. Digestion Introduction Physical Digestion Chemical Digestion Hepatic Portal System.
Digestive System Topic 6 – Human Anatomy and Physiology Van Roekel – IB Biology 2.
Chapter 45: Processing Food and Nutrition The Digestive System.
Digestive System II: Digestive Activities  Digestive Activities in the Mouth, Swallowing  Digestive Activities in the Stomach Gastric juice Hormones.
Molecular breakdown/absorption of Polysaccharides Lipids Proteins
Pages and  From the stomach to the large intestine:  Duodenum ◦ Attached to the stomach via the pyloric sphincter  Jejunum  Ileum.
Pancreas.
Alimentary tract. The four main roles of digestive system.
Digestion Food: The easiest thing you will pass in school.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Mammals See lecture notes (from board) for much of the mammal, digestive system, and urinary system material.
Accessory Organs and Enzymes Unit D – Human Systems.
The Digestive System Part II Structures, Functions & Enzymes.
What is absorption? The digested food molecules enter the circulatory system.
Human digestion. Human digestive system (General plan) Accessory digestive organs.
PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College C H A P T E R Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 23 The Digestive System:
Intestines and accessory organs.  The small intestine (5.75m) is a long tube where the majority of food digestion and absorption takes place Small Intestine.
IB Biology Review Digestive System. What are the components of the human digestive system? Mouth Salivary glands Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Liver.
The Small Intestine The small intestine is the longest section of the alimentary canal It is the major organ of digestion and absorption.
Chapter 23C Digestive System Slides by Barbara Heard and W. Rose. figures from Marieb & Hoehn 9 th ed. Portions copyright Pearson Education.
DIGESTION 6.1. The Process Transport The circulatory system delivers the small molecules to cells around your body. Absorption Small molecules are absorbed.
Topic 6: Human Health and Physiology 6.1 Digestion.
Stage 1 Digestion Molecular breakdown/absorption of Polysaccharides Lipids Proteins.
Digestion and Nutrient Absorption Presented by: Professor Steven Dion, Teresa Ward & Kelly Baker Salem State College - Sport, Fitness and Leisure Studies.
 The contraction of circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the small intestine mixes the food with enzymes and moves it along the gut  The pancreas.
Digestive System  Every cell in the body must receive food to perform cellular respiration for energy.  Food particles are broken down physically and.
Today's objectives Explain where different nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) are broken down in the digestive system Connect the digestive.
Pancreatic Juice Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids, and include: Pancreatic amylase – splits.
Digestion.
Digestive System.
Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins & fats - Dietary substrates, enzymes, end-products of digestion.
The Digestive System: Part C
6.1 - Digestion.
Human Anatomy and Physiology
The digestive system.
The Major Biomolecules
6.1 - Digestion.
Chapter 23C Digestive System Slides by Barbara Heard and W. Rose.
Digestive System Parts and Function.
Topic 6 Human Physiology
Small Intestine and Large Intestine
L. digestion and absorption
Human digestion.
A Tour of the Digestive System
Enzymes of Digestion Biology 12.
FHB-(Digestion-Absorption-Metabolism) Sandwich Conference 2019
Presentation transcript:

Major food groups Carbohydrates = sugars = saccharides Lipids = fats Proteins nucleic acids  Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids (but not fats) are long chains of smaller subunits, which are monomers. The combinations are polymers.  Polymers in which the order of monomers provides information: proteins and nucleic acids.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Nucleic acid digestion- pancreatic ribonuclease & deoxyribonuclease; nucleosidases & phosphatases; act in small intestines

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Composition and Function of Pancreatic Juice Many enzymes are secreted in inactive form: Examples include: –Trypsinogen is activated to trypsin –Pepsinogen activated to pepsin by HCl –Procarboxypeptidase is activated to carboxypeptidase

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Digestive enzymes that are produced by the small intestine are all brush border enzymes (membrane-bound) Advantages and disadvantages of having membrane-bound enzymes

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Activation of pancreatic proteases in the small intestine. Stomach Pancreas Epithelial cells Trypsinogen (inactive) Chymotrypsinogen (inactive) Procarboxypeptidase (inactive) Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase Membrane-bound enteropeptidase

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Protein digestion + Amino acids enter the capillary blood in the villi, and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. Small intestine Small intestine Stomach Foodstuff Protein Large polypeptides Pepsin (stomach glands) in presence of HCl Small polypeptides, small peptides Pancreatic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase) Amino acids Brush border enzymes (small intestine) Path of absorption Enzymes and source Site of action

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Protein digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Absorptive epithelial cell Apical membrane (microvilli) Amino acid carrier Capillary Lumen of intestine Pancreatic proteases Amino acids of protein fragments Brush border enzymes 1 Protein fragments (peptides) are digested to amino acids by brush border enzymes of mucosal cells. 2 The amino acids are then absorbed by active transport into the absorptive cells 3 The amino acids leave the villus epithelial cell by facilitated diffusion and enter the capillary via intercellular clefts. Active transport Passive transport

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Carbohydrate digestion All monosaccharides enter the capillary blood in the villi, and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. Starch and disaccharides Oligosaccharides and disaccharides LactoseMaltoseSucrose Glucose Fructose Salivary amylase Mouth Pancreatic amylase Brush border enzymes in small intestine Small intestine Small intestine Foodstuff Galactose Path of absorption Enzyme(s) and source Site of action

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Fat digestion Small intestine Small intestine Foodstuff Unemulsified fats Emulsification by the detergent action of bile salts from the liver Pancreatic lipases fatty acidsglycerol Path of absorption Enzyme(s) and source Site of action Fatty acids and glycerol enter the intestinal cells via diffusion. Fatty acids and monoglycerides are recombined to form triglycerides and then combined with other lipids and proteins within the cells to make chylomicrons, which are extruded by exocytosis. The chylomicrons enter the lacteals of the villi and are transported to the systemic circulation via the lymph in the thoracic duct. Note: fats are NOT made of a long chain of monomers (unlike proteins and polysaccharides)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Emulsification, digestion, and absorption of fats. Epithelial cells of small intestine Fat droplets coated with bile salts Fat globule Lacteal Bile salts Fatty acids and bile salts 1 Large fat globules are emulsified (physically broken up into smaller fat droplets) by bile salts in the duodenum. 2 Digestion of fat by the pancreatic enzyme lipase yields free fatty acids and glycerol, still associated with bile salts 3 Fatty acids and glycerol diffuse into epithelial cells. There they are recombined and packaged with other lipids and proteins to form chylomicrons. 4 Chylomicrons are extruded from the epithelial cells by exocytosis. The chylomicrons enter lacteals. They are carried away from the intestine by lymph.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Nucleic acid digestion Subunits are absorbed into capillary blood in the villi and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. Small intestine Small intestine Foodstuff Nucleic acids Pancreatic ribo- nuclease and deoxyribonuclease Brush border enzymes (nucleosidases and phosphatases) Pentose sugars, N-containing bases, phosphate ions Path of absorption Enzyme(s) and source Site of action

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. In the large intestine: Other than digestion by enteric bacteria, no further digestion takes place –Bacteria synthesize B complex vitamins and vitamin K water, and electrolytes are absorbed