Supply Chain Management SYST 4050 Slides Supply Chain Management Lecture 20 Chapter 3

Outline Today Thursday Friday Chapter 11 Homework 4 due before class SYST 4050 Slides Outline Today Chapter 11 Sections 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 Skipping 11.2 “Evaluating Safety Inventory Given Desired Fill rate” Thursday Homework 4 due before class Chapter 12 Sections 12.1, 12.2 up to and including Example 12.2, 12.3 Friday Homework 5 online Due Thursday April 8 before class Chapter 3

Email: Ann.Richmond@colorado.edu SYST 4050 Slides Staples Visit Date Friday April 2, 10:30am – 2:30pm (11:30am – 1:30pm on site, the rest in transit) Free transportation Location Staples fulfillment Center, Brighton, CO What Lunch and Learn Email: Ann.Richmond@colorado.edu Chapter 3

Effective inventory management is key to running a profitable business SYST 4050 Slides Summary Inventory is an asset, but it's also a liability until it has been sold Inventory is cash in-transit Inventory does not improve with time. Inventory becomes less valuable with every passing day It takes space, heat, light, power, handling, insurance, interest to carry, … Effective inventory management is key to running a profitable business Chapter 3

Apple beats competitors at inventory turn over SYST 4050 Slides Inventory Management Apple beats competitors at inventory turn over Source: The Mac Observer, March 5, 2009 Chapter 3

Summary Lot sizing for a single product SYST 4050 Slides Summary Lot sizing for a single product Economic order quantity Lot sizing with multiple products (complete aggregation) Find order frequency (same for all products) Calculate order quantity for each product Q = D/n Chapter 3

Safety Inventory Inventory Demand (D) Order quantity/lot size (Q) SYST 4050 Slides Safety Inventory Inventory Demand (D) Order quantity/lot size (Q) Cycle Inventory Average Inventory Safety Inventory Time Cycle Chapter 3

Example 11-1: Evaluating safety inventory given an inventory policy SYST 4050 Slides Example 11-1: Evaluating safety inventory given an inventory policy Assume that weekly demand for Palms at B&M Computer World is normally distributed, with a mean of 2,500 and a standard deviation of 500. The manufacturer takes two weeks to fill an order placed by the B&M manager. The store manager currently orders 10,000 Palms when the inventory drops to 6,000. Evaluate the safety inventory carried by B&M and the average inventory carried by B&M. Also evaluate the average time spent by a Palm at B&M Chapter 3

Demand during lead time DL = LD SYST 4050 Slides Safety Inventory Inventory Demand (D) Order quantity/lot size (Q) Reorder point (ROP) Cycle Inventory Average Inventory Safety Inventory Time Lead time (L) Cycle Demand during lead time DL = LD Chapter 3

Example 11-1: Evaluating safety inventory given an inventory policy SYST 4050 Slides Example 11-1: Evaluating safety inventory given an inventory policy Inventory 11,000 Order quantity/Lot size 6,000 Reorder point Demand during lead time Safety Inventory 1,000 Time Lead time Cycle Chapter 3

Example 11-1: Evaluating safety inventory given an inventory policy SYST 4050 Slides Example 11-1: Evaluating safety inventory given an inventory policy Reorder point (ROP) = demand during lead time + safety inventory = DL + ss Average flow time = (avg. inventory) / (avg. demand) ROP = DL + ss Chapter 3

Role of Safety Inventory SYST 4050 Slides Role of Safety Inventory There is a fundamental tradeoff Raising the level of safety inventory provides higher levels of product availability and customer service Raising the level of safety inventory also raises the level of average inventory and therefore increases holding costs Product availability reflects a firm’s ability to fill a customer order out of available inventory Chapter 3

Measuring Product Availability SYST 4050 Slides Measuring Product Availability Cycle service level (CSL) Fraction of replenishment cycles that end with all customer demand met Probability of not having a stockout in a replenishment cycle Product fill rate (fr) Fraction of demand that is satisfied from product in inventory Probability that product demand is supplied from available inventory Order fill rate Fraction of orders that are filled from available inventory Product availability reflects a firm’s ability to fill a customer order out of available inventory. A stockout results if a customer order arrives when product is not available. Chapter 3

CSL and fr are different! SYST 4050 Slides CSL and fr are different! inventory CSL is 0%, fill rate is almost 100% time CSL is 0%, fill rate is almost 0% inventory time Chapter 3

SYST 4050 Slides Example 11-2: Evaluating cycle service level given a replenishment policy Weekly demand for Palms is normally distributed, with a mean of 2,500 and a standard deviation of 500. The replenishment lead time is two weeks. Assume that the demand is independent from one week to the next. Evaluate the CSL resulting from a policy of ordering 10,000 Palms when there are 6,000 Palms in inventory Chapter 3

= Prob(demand during lead time  ROP) SYST 4050 Slides Example 11-2: Evaluating cycle service level given a replenishment policy CSL = Prob(of not stocking out in a cycle) Inventory = Prob(demand during lead time  ROP) 11,000 6,000 Reorder point 1,000 Time Lead time Chapter 3

Measuring Demand Uncertainty SYST 4050 Slides Measuring Demand Uncertainty Inventory Demand (D) Order quantity/lot size (Q) Reorder point (ROP) Cycle Inventory Average Inventory Safety Inventory Time Lead time (L) Cycle Demand during lead time DL = LD Standard deviation of demand over lead time L = (L)D Chapter 3

SYST 4050 Slides Example 11-2: Evaluating cycle service level given a replenishment policy mean D = 500 D = 2500 stdev DL = LD = 2 x 2500 = 5000 L = L D = 2 x 500 = 707 mean stdev CSL = Prob(demand during lead time  ROP) Chapter 3

SYST 4050 Slides Example 11-2: Evaluating cycle service level given a replenishment policy mean D = 500 D = 2500 stdev DL = LD = 2 x 2500 = 5000 L = L D = 2 x 500 = 707 mean stdev CSL = Prob(demand during lead time  ROP) CSL = F(ROP,DL,L) Chapter 3

F(ROP, DL, L) = NORMDIST(ROP, DL, L, 1) SYST 4050 Slides Example 11-4: Evaluating safety inventory given a desired service level Average demand during lead time DL = Standard dev. of demand during lead time L = Cycle service level CSL = LD = 2*2,500 = 5,000 SQRT(L)D = SQRT(2)*500 = 707 F(ROP, DL, L) = F(6000, 5000, 707) = 0.92 F(ROP, DL, L) = NORMDIST(ROP, DL, L, 1) Chapter 3

SYST 4050 Slides Example 11-4: Evaluating safety inventory given a desired service level Weekly demand for Lego at a Wal-Mart store is normally distributed, with a mean of 2,500 boxes and a standard deviation of 500. The replenishment lead time is two weeks. Assuming a continuous-review replenishment policy, evaluate the safety inventory that the store should carry to achieve a CSL of 90 percent. Chapter 3

CSL = F(ROP,DL,L) ROP = F-1(CSL,DL,L) SYST 4050 Slides Example 11-4: Evaluating safety inventory given a desired service level mean D = 500 D = 2500 stdev DL = LD = 2 x 2500 = 5000 L = L D = 2 x 500 = 707 mean stdev CSL = Prob(demand during lead time  ROP) CSL = F(ROP,DL,L) ROP = F-1(CSL,DL,L) Chapter 3

F-1(CSL, DL, L) = NORMINV(CSL, DL, L) SYST 4050 Slides Example 11-4: Evaluating safety inventory given a desired service level Average demand during lead time DL = Standard dev. of demand during lead time L = Desired cycle service level CSL = Safety inventory ss = LD = 2*2,500 = 5,000 SQRT(L)D = SQRT(2)*500 = 707 0.90 Option 1: ROP = F-1(CSL, DL, L) = F-1(0.90, 5000, 707) = 5,906 ss = ROP – DL = 5906 – 5000 = 906 F-1(CSL, DL, L) = NORMINV(CSL, DL, L) Chapter 3

Source: Operations Management, J. Heizer and B. Render SYST 4050 Slides Ethical Dilemma Wayne Hills Hospital in Wayne, Nebraska, faces a problem common to large urban hospitals, as well as to small remote ones as itself. That problem is deciding how much of each type of whole blood to keep in stock. Because blood is expensive and has a limited shelf life, Wayne Hills naturally wants to keep its stocks as low as possible. Unfortunately, past disasters such as a major tornado and a train wreck demonstrated that lives would be lost when not enough blood was available to handle massive needs. Source: Operations Management, J. Heizer and B. Render Chapter 3

Summary Average Inventory = Q/2 + ss L: Lead time for replenishment SYST 4050 Slides Summary L: Lead time for replenishment D: Average demand per unit time D:Standard deviation of demand per period DL: Average demand during lead time L: Standard deviation of demand during lead time CSL: Cycle service level ss: Safety inventory ROP: Reorder point Notes: Average Inventory = Q/2 + ss Chapter 3

Safety Inventory ROP = F-1(CSL,DL,L) ROP – DL = F-1(CSL,0,L) SYST 4050 Slides Safety Inventory What actions can be taken to improve product availability without hurting safety inventory? ROP = F-1(CSL,DL,L) ROP – DL = F-1(CSL,0,L) (ROP – DL)/L = F-1(CSL,0,1) ss/L = Fs-1(CSL) ss = Fs-1(CSL)L Chapter 3

SYST 4050 Slides Safety Inventory Why is it that successful retailers and manufacturers (i.e. Wal-Mart, Seven-Eleven Japan, Dell) carry only little inventory but still have high levels of product availability? Chapter 3

Measuring Product Availability SYST 4050 Slides Measuring Product Availability Cycle service level (CSL) Fraction of replenishment cycles that end with all customer demand met Probability of not having a stockout in a replenishment cycle Product fill rate (fr) Fraction of demand that is satisfied from product in inventory Probability that product demand is supplied from available inventory Order fill rate Fraction of orders that are filled from available inventory Product availability reflects a firm’s ability to fill a customer order out of available inventory. A stockout results if a customer order arrives when product is not available. Chapter 3

Product Fill Rate fr = 1 – 10/1000 = 1 – 0.01 = 0.99 Q = 1000 ESC = 10 SYST 4050 Slides Product Fill Rate inventory fr = 1 – 10/1000 = 1 – 0.01 = 0.99 Q = 1000 time ESC = 10 inventory fr = 1 – 970/1000 = 1 – 0.97 = 0.03 time Q = 1000 ESC = 970 Chapter 3

Expected Shortage per Replenishment Cycle SYST 4050 Slides Expected Shortage per Replenishment Cycle Expected shortage during the lead time If demand is normally distributed Does ESC decrease or increase with ss? Does ESC decrease or increase with L? Chapter 3

SYST 4050 Slides Product Fill Rate fr: is the proportion of customer demand satisfied from stock. Probability that product demand is supplied from inventory. ESC: is the expected shortage per replenishment cycle (is the demand not satisfied from inventory in stock per replenishment cycle) ss: is the safety inventory Q: is the order quantity ESC is expressed in number of products (not a probability) that is not satisfied from inventory. Hence, ESC/Q is the fraction of demand (Q = the average demand per replenishment cycle) that is not satisfied from inventory/stock. Fill rate is the opposite, hence fr = 1 – ESC/Q. Chapter 3

Example 11-3: Evaluating fill rate given a replenishment policy SYST 4050 Slides Example 11-3: Evaluating fill rate given a replenishment policy Recall that weekly demand for Palms at B&M is normally distributed, with a mean of 2,500 and a standard deviation of 500. The replenishment lea time is two weeks. Assume that the demand is independent from one week to the next. Evaluate the fill rate resulting from the policy of ordering 10,000 Palms when there are 6,000 Palms in inventory. Chapter 3

Example 11-3: Evaluating fill rate given a replenishment policy SYST 4050 Slides Example 11-3: Evaluating fill rate given a replenishment policy Lot size Q = Average demand during lead time DL = Standard dev. of demand during lead time L = Expected shortage per replenishment cycle ESC = Product fill rate fr = 10,000 LD = 2*2,500 = 5,000 SQRT(L)D = SQRT(2)*500 = 707 -ss(1-Fs(ss/L))+Lfs(ss/L) = -1000*(1-Fs(1,000/707) + 707fs(1,000/707) = 25.13 1 – ESC/Q = 1 – 25.13/10,000 = 0.9975 Chapter 3

Cycle Service Level versus Fill Rate SYST 4050 Slides Cycle Service Level versus Fill Rate What happens to CSL and fr when the safety inventory (ss) increases? What happens to CSL and fr when the lot size (Q) increases? Chapter 3

Managing Inventory in Practice SYST 4050 Slides Managing Inventory in Practice India’s retail market Retail market (not inventory) projected to reach almost $308 billion by 2010 Due to its infrastructure (many mom-and-pop stores and often poor distribution networks) lead times are long ss = Fs-1(CSL)L Chapter 3

Managing Inventory in Practice SYST 4050 Slides Managing Inventory in Practice Department of Defense DOD reported (1995) that it had a secondary inventory (spare and repair parts, clothing, medical supplies, and other items) to support its operating forces valued at $69.6 billion About half of the inventory includes items that are not needed to be on hand to support DOD war reserve or current operating requirements MRO Maintenance Repair and Operations DoD mandates RFID Chapter 3