Tracking Structural Development Processes through the Inter-group Cohesion Index John Cameron & Yih Lerh Huang ISS

“All happy families are alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.” – Tolstoy, in Anna Karenina

What is Social Cohesion? “the ongoing process of developing a community of shared values, shared challenges and equal opportunity within Canada, based on a sense of trust, hope and reciprocity among all Canadians” Policy Research Sub-Committee on Social Cohesion (Canada) “a set of social processes that help instil in individuals the sense of belonging to the same community and the feeling that they are recognised as members of that community” Commissariat Général du Plan (France)

Multi-dimensional Belonging Inclusion Participation Recognition Legitimacy Isolation Exclusion Non-involvement Rejection Illegitimacy Common values Social order Social solidarity Social networks Place attachment Civic culture Social control Wealth disparities Social capital Identity Jenson (1998)Kearns and Forrest (2000) Equality Inequality Rajulton et al. (2007)

The ISS Inter-group Cohesion Index measures “the extent to which there is social cohesion between defined religious, ethnic, and linguistic groups, without degeneration into civil unrest or inter-group violence” Indices of Social Development: Project Overview (2011)

Indicators: Violent Demonstration Deaths in Conflict Inter-group Grievances Civil Disorder Internal Conflict Terrorism Risk Minority Rebellion Score Log assassinations per log capita Log guerrilla acts per log capita Log riots per log capita Terrorism Log terrorist acts per log capita

Only countries with complete data sets are presented (n=96)

Inter-group Cohesion Index Summary Obs Mean Std. Dev. Min Max Includes all countries with a score for that chronological data-point

ISDs Mean Scores Weighted by Country Population,

Only countries with complete data sets are presented (n=96)

Adverse events and the onset and depth of declines 1997 Asian Financial Crisis Post-9/11 ‘War on Terror’

Low Income Group Peaked around 1995 Peaked around 2000

Lower Middle Income Group Peaked around 1995 Peaked around 2000

Upper Middle Income Group Peaked around 1995 Peaked around 2000

High Income Group Peaked around 1995 Peaked around 2000

10 Year Change Peaked ~ 1995Peaked ~ 2000Mann-Whiney test cohesion Index p<0.000

Average 10 Year Change post-‘peak’ Peaked ~ 1995Peaked ~ 2000Mann-Whiney test cohesion Index p<0.000 gdppc growth34.6%19.4%p<0.000

10 post-peak change: gdppc vs Inter-group Cohesion – High Income

10 year change ( ): gdppc vs Inter-group Cohesion – Upper Income

Only countries with complete data sets are presented (n=64)

Clubs & Associations Index’s correlation with Inter-group Cohesion Index

Conclusion Significant decline in the Inter-group Cohesion Index between 1995 and Some ‘regional’ differences in the timing of the downturn Greater resilliance in Cohesion scores and less impact on gdppc growth rates in the 1995 cohort even when controlling for initial gdppc levels using two approaches ‘varieties of capitalism’ Small group solidarity as a response to structural insecurities

10 post-peak change: gdppc vs Inter-group Cohesion – Lower Income

10 post-peak change: gdppc vs Inter-group Cohesion – Lower Middle Income

10 post-peak change: gdppc vs Inter-group Cohesion – Upper Middle Income