This is a basic tutorial on how graphs are translated by various terms in the equation James S Jun 2010

y = x y = x 3 The “+ 3” added to x 3 adds 3 to every point on the graph and thus moves the whole graph upward. This is true of any shape graph

y = x + 3 Graph shape is not important to translation

y = x 2 + 3

y = ln (x) + 3

y = (x – 3) y = (x) 3 In this equation, there is a horizontal shift due to the – 3 inside the parentheses and a vertical shift due to the + 3 outside the parentheses.

y = (x - 3) y = x 3 The combination of horizontal and vertical is a diagonal shift.

y = (x – 3) Shape of the curve in not important.

y = (x – 3) 2 – 3 Shifted right and down

y = (x + 3) 2 – 3 Shifted left and down

y = ln (x – 3) + 3 Shifted right and up

In any equation in the form: y = (x ± h) c ± k, the “h” inside the parens will shift the graph horizontally, and the “k” outside the parens will shift the graph vertically. + h shifts left, – h shifts right + k shifts upward, – k shifts downward James S Jun 2010