Chapter # 7 Verb?

What is verb? A verb is a word used primarily to indicate a type of action, such as to fly or to study, though it may also be used to indicate a general state of existence, such as to live, to be and so on. Verbs Main Verbs Auxiliary Verbs

Main Verbs? Look at the main verbs in the following sentences: Transitive Verbs The main verb, also known as lexical verb, is a verb that has meaning on its own. You can understand what is said when someone just mention any main verb on its own.. And main verbs can also be used with one or more helping verbs. Look at the main verbs in the following sentences: They always wait for the 6 o'clock train. Every day the dog waits for the postman. I am waiting for a friend. We waited for three hours. Intransitive Verbs Ditransitive Verbs Linking Verbs Dynamic Verbs Static Verbs Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs

Auxiliary Verb? Auxiliary verbs are used with main verbs to construct the verb phrase. They fall into two groups: Auxiliary verb is a verb which is used to express mood or tense. Auxiliary Verbs Primary Modal

Primary Auxiliary Verbs? Primary auxiliaries Primary auxiliary verb is verb which is used to express only tense. The primary auxiliaries are: be, have, and do. They are used in clauses such as: I am eating bread. They have eaten bread. You do eat bread. Primary auxiliaries can also work as main verbs. For example: I am happy to see these names included. I have a new life now and new friends. We do things that are controversial.

Modal Auxiliary Verbs? Modal auxiliaries Modal auxiliary verb is a verb which is used to express modality OR Modal auxiliary verb is a verb which is used to add some special meanings to the main verbs of the sentence Modal auxiliary verb is a verb which is used to express only mood. Modal auxiliary verbs cannot work as main verbs and normally appear with a main verb. The full list is… Will/ may/ can/ must/ ought to/shall/ might/ could/ would and should You study English. (simple present tense) You should study English. (advisability)

Usages of modal auxiliary verbs… Primary Usage: the main (common) use of a modal is called primary usage. I can teach English language. (ability) I will go to Canada next month. (future plan) I could play volleyball three years ago. (past ability) Secondary Usage: the other uses of a modal is called secondary usage. He can be sick . (possibility) will you bring me a glass of water? (request) She could be sick. (possibility)

Characteristics of Modal Auxiliary Verbs Auxiliary + simple form of verb can (a) Shabana can play the violin. Not followed by “to” can (a) Shabana can to play the violin. Not in past form can (a) Shabana can played the violin. No -ing form can (a) Shabana can playing the violin. No final -s can (a) Shabana can plays the violin.

WILL Let’s study… SHOULD CAN WOULD MAY COULD MIGHT OUGHT TO SHALL MUST

Expressing Ability: Can & Could I can’t believe that! I can win next year CAN Present Future Dolphins can jump very high

Could could = past form of can Continued….. Ability in the past When we were in college, we could play chess for hours. When I was 20, i could run very fast.

Expressing Possibility: May & Might (a) It may snow this week. (b) It might snow this week. may, might Present or future possibility Ahmad Might be sick that is why he did not come to class today The weather might be rainy. Might May

maybe “possibly” beginning of sentence may be = may + the main verb be Let’s Compare… Maybe the test will be hard. The test may be hard. adverb maybe “possibly” beginning of sentence verb may be = may + the main verb be

I _______ done with may be this project tomorrow. maybe may be Let’s practice I _______ done with this project tomorrow. may be maybe may be 14

_______ I’ll be done with this project tomorrow. Maybe Let’s practice _______ I’ll be done with this project tomorrow. Maybe maybe may be 15

Using “COULD” to express possibility This could be a long walk Present Possibility It could be rainy tomorrow Future Possibility

I don’t think it’s serious. It could be just a weak battery. Why isn’t this working? I don’t think it’s serious. It could be just a weak battery. present possibility Could = 17

This error could cause problems in the whole company. future possibility Could = 18

? present I’d like to visit a beautiful place. future Let’s practice present future I’d like to visit a beautiful place. We could go to Thailand. ? 19

Let’s practice ? Oh, no! This could be a problem! present future 20

? This car doesn’t run. The battery could be dead. present future Let’s practice This car doesn’t run. The battery could be dead. ? present future 21

Expressing (giving) Permission: May & Can (i) Yes, you may borrow my pen. (j) Sure, you can borrow my pen. more formal less formal may permission can often used, too May Can (i) Yes, you may not borrow my pen. (j) Sure, you can’t borrow my pen. more formal less formal may deny permission can often used, too

The boss told me that we ____ use the new color printer. can Let’s practice maybe can The boss told me that we ____ use the new color printer. can 23

(a) May I please take your picture? Polite Questions (asking for permission): May I, Could I & Can I POLITE QUESTION (a) May I please take your picture? (b) Could I please take your picture? (c) Can I please take your picture? POSSIBLE ANSWERS Yes. Of course. Okay. Sure. Yes. Of course. Certainly. Sorry, not today. Yes. Certainly. Uh-huh.

? Can I please borrow your car? CORRECT YES NO Let’s practice 25

? May I borrow your car? CORRECT YES NO Let’s practice 26

? Could I borrow please your car? CORRECT YES NO Let’s practice 27

Would you please sit still? Polite Questions (requests): Would you, Could you, Will you and Can you Would you please sit still? 28

(a) Would you please explain that again? Polite Questions (requests): Would you, Could you, Will you and Can you POLITE QUESTION (a) Would you please explain that again? (b) Could you please explain that again? (c) Will you please explain that again? (d) Can you please explain that again? basically the same meaning 29

(a) Would you please explain that again? (b) Could you please Polite Questions (requests): Would you, Could you, Will you and Can you POLITE QUESTION POLITE ANSWERS (a) Would you please explain that again? Yes. Sure. Uh-huh. Yes. Of course. (b) Could you please explain that again? Certainly. Okay. (c) Will you please explain that again? Of course. I’d be glad to. (d) Can you please explain that again? I’m sorry. I don’t have time. 30

POLITE QUESTION (a) Would you please explain that again? Polite Questions (requests): Would you, Could you, Will you and Can you POLITE QUESTION (a) Would you please explain that again? INCORRECT: May you please explain that again. (b) Could you please explain that again? (c) Will you please explain that again? (d) Can you please explain that again? can is less formal 31

? Could you wash my car yesterday? CORRECT YES NO Let’s practice 32

? Will you wash my car, please? CORRECT YES NO Let’s practice 33

? May you please wash my car? CORRECT YES NO Let’s practice 34

They should go home and get some rest. Expressing Advice: Should and Ought to You need to study. You should not go out. You need to study. You shouldn’t go out. They should go home and get some rest. should ought to I have a headache. I take a nap. 35

Let’s practice I need a book about geology. You should go to the library. 36

Let’s practice I need a book about geology. You ought to go to the library. 37

He’d better be careful. His pan is on fire! Had better usually = warning 38

You’d better quit watching TV all day. Let’s practice You’d better quit watching TV all day. Possible bad results?  eat too much catch a cold hurt your eyes not study enough not exercise enough    39

He’d better not walk there. Let’s practice He’d better not walk there. Possible bad results?  fall get hurt get the flu be embarrassed fail a test   40

He’d better stay awake in school. Let’s practice He’d better stay awake in school. Possible bad results?  miss something get hurt get in trouble fail a test get the flu   41

It is late. We have to go home Expressing Necessity: Have to, Have got to and Must I need to hurry. I have to go to soccer practice. This man has to wear ear protection. It is late. We have to go home 42

I want to become a doctor. I go to medical school. have to have got to Expressing Necessity: Have to, Have got to and Must I want to become a doctor. I go to medical school. have to have got to must have to have got to must same meaning something is necessary Everyone must wear a seatbelt on an airplane. 43

informal conversation written instructions Expressing Necessity: Have to, Have got to and Must I have to go to soccer practice. We’ve got to go home. Everyone must wear a seatbelt on an airplane. have to have got to must common informal conversation written instructions 44

Do you have to wear seatbelts in your car? Did they all have to come? Expressing Necessity: Have to, Have got to and Must Do you have to wear seatbelts in your car? Did they all have to come? have to have got to must Questions 45

Do you have to wear seatbelts in your car? Did they all have to come? Expressing Necessity: Have to, Have got to and Must Do you have to wear seatbelts in your car? Did they all have to come? have to have got to must Questions 46

Do you have to wear seatbelts in your car? Did they all have to come? Expressing Necessity: Have to, Have got to and Must Do you have to wear seatbelts in your car? Did they all have to come? have to have got to must Questions 47

We had to clean up the mess. Expressing Necessity: Have to, Have got to and Must We had to clean up the mess. Past form: have to have got to must had to 48

Let’s practice ? YES NO CORRECT Do I must wash all the dishes? 49

Let’s practice ? YES NO CORRECT Do I have to wash all the dishes? 50

? Do I have got to wash all the dishes? CORRECT YES NO Let’s practice 51

not allowed not necessary Expressing Lack of Necessity: Do not Have to, Expressing Prohibition: Must not You mustn’t talk on the phone while you are driving. I mowed the yard yesterday. I don’t have to mow it this weekend not allowed not necessary 52

Degree of Certainty (present): For 100% certainty: Simple present tense (state) and present continuous tense (action). For 95% certainty: must (must+be+verb/ing). For less than 50% certainty: may, might, could + be + verb/ing). Examples: You are in the class. (situation) Ahmad is studying. (action) That boy must be a teacher. (situation) Ahmad must be studying. (action) Ali might be at home. (situation) She might be dancing. (action)

Degree of Certainty (present): (Negative) For 100%: present (negative) For 99%: can’t, couldn’t  impossibility For 95%: must not For less than 50%: may not/ might not Examples: You are not in Afghanistan. (situation) He is not studying. (action) Ahmad can’t be the president of USA. He must not be watching TV. Ali might not be in the class.

Giving instructions: Imperative Sentences Turn right, please. Then drive five miles to the hotel Sit down, please. I want to talk to you Listen to me! Order Request Directions 55

give commands make polite requests imperative give directions Giving instructions: Imperative Sentences Order REQUEST DIRECTIONS (a) Sit down! (b) Sit down, please. (c) Turn right. Then drive five miles. give commands make polite requests give directions imperative sentences 56

Making suggestions: let’s, shall, why don’t we Let’s + verb: when we include ourselves. Why don’t I/ we/ you Shall I/ we Examples: Let’s play tennis. Why don’t you learn Arabic? Why don’t we cancel the class today? Why don’t I take that chair out? Shall I drive the car? Shall we eat outside today?

Would rather simple form of verb Stating preferences: Prefer, Like…..better, would rather + verb (e) Ali would rather have a cat than a dog. (f) INCORRECT: Ali would rather has a cat. (g) I’d rather buy dinner than cook it. (h) INCORRECT: I’d rather buy dinner than to cook it. I’d rather buy dinner than cooking it. Would rather simple form of verb 58

polite situations / offers a choice Stating preferences: Prefer, Like…..better, would rather + verb (i) I’d/You’d/She’d/He’d/We’d/They’d rather have a motorcycle. Contraction of would = l’d. (j) Would you rather have a car or a motorcycle? would rather or polite situations / offers a choice 59

I would rather play badminton ____ tennis. than Let’s practice than to I would rather play badminton ____ tennis. than 60

That is it!