Electoral Process Nominating

nominating Self-announcement Caucus Usually write-in candidates Thus far 4 prominent presidential contenders George Wallace, Eugene McCarthy, John Anderson & Ross Perot Caucus Group of people who meet to select candidates to support upcoming election Later disappated

Convention Direct primary Replaced caucus Nominates a candidate Held within a party to pick candidate 2 forms Closed primary Only party members can vote Open primary Any voter can vote

Nonpartisan primary Presidential primary Candidates not identified by party labels Elected school and municipal offices Contender who wins majority runs unopposed in general election Presidential primary Offshoot of direct primary Not nominating device, but 1 part of process for choosing candidate Possibly 2 things depending on state Voters elect some or all of state party delegates to party national convention; or/and Preference election Voters choose among contenders for party’s nomination

Elections

Administration of Elections Federal control Most election law is “state” not “federal” law Federal election laws do exist Congress can fix: Times Places Manner of holding elections of members of congress Congress can set: Time for choosing presidential electors Set date for casting electoral votes Regulate other aspects of presidential election process

Congress set date for congressional elections 1st Tuesday following 1st Monday in November of every even numbered year Same date every 4th year for presidential election Congress requires use of secret ballots and use of voting machines in federal elections Protects right to vote Prohibits various corrupt practices Regulates financing of campaigns for federal office Help America Vote Act of 2002 Due to ballot and voter registration problems in several states during presidential election of 2000 Non-computerized voting machines replace by 2006 Upgrade administration of elections (training of all) centralize and computerize voter registration systems Provide for provisional voting If eligibility of voter challenged, later found valid, vote then counts

Election day Early voting Coattail effect Most states same date set for national elections in November of every even- numbered year Reason “Tuesday alter the 1st Monday” prevents election day from falling on Sundays Separation of church and state 1st day of mon Often payday could be subject to campaign pressures Early voting Absentee voting Voting w/out going to polling place on election day Coattail effect Strong candidate helps attract votes to other candidates on party’s ticket Most apparent in presidential elections

Precincts & Polling Places Voting district Smallest geographic units Restricted to an area of 500 – 1,000 qualified voters Polling place Place where voters who live in a precinct vote

Casting the ballot Ballot Australian ballot Device a voter registers a choice Australian ballot 4 major features Printed a@ public expense Lists names of all candidates Given only at polls Marked in secret Not used any more, but a form of it used

Office-group ballot Party-column ballot Sample ballots Original form of Australian Candidates grouped together under title of office Candidates appear in a block also known as office-block Party-column ballot Known as Indiana ballot Candidates listed in column under party’s name Professional politicians favor this ballot Encourages straight-ticket voting Sample ballots Available in most states before election Cannot be cast, help voters prepare

bedsheet ballot American ballot lengthy Many candidates Many offices Due to it’s length known as bedsheet ballot Longest ballots found @ local level Believed rule should be: Elect those who make public policy; appoint those who administer the policy

Electronic vote counting Automated voting Voting done on electronic voting device Thomas Edison patented 1st voting machine in 1868 1st used in public election Locksport, NY in 1892 Use to be lever operated – now computer Electronic vote counting Known as electronic data processing (EDP) Use to use punch cards –- difficult for computers to read Used in FL election in 2000 Most states now use either/or Paper ballots counted by high-speed optical scanners; or Touch-screen

Vote-by-mail elections ballot received in mail and mail back to election officials Usually confined to local level Oregon only state to have all-mail primary and general election; including presidential in 2000 Proponents felt increases voter turnout & reduces costs Opponents felt threatens principle of secret ballot and fraud On-line voting Voting via internet 1st e-voting took place in TX Astronaut David Wolf emailed from space station Mir Proponents feel will increase voter turnout & reduce costs

Opponents feel hackers, viruses, fraudulent vote counts, violations of secrecy, etc. Also feels undermines basic American principles of equality – not all have computers

QUIZ QUESTIONS What is the purpose of absentee voting? (2 pts) What factor determines location of a voter’s polling place? (2 pts) What are the advantages and disadvantages of voting by mail and voting online? (8 pts) Do you support either of these voting methods? Explain your answer. (4 pts) Use complete sentences and proper grammar to answer your questions and explain any answers BONUS: Who patented the 1st voting machine?

Money & Elections

Campaign Spending $ needed to run campaigns Getting/spending $ can corrupt political process Presidential elections largest share campaign $ Congressional campaign spending increases (senate & house) Areas for campaign spending Radio & TV spots, professional campaign managers & consultants, newspaper advertsiments, pamphlets, buttons, posters, bumper stickers, office rent, polls, data processing, mass mailings, web sites, travel, etc.

Total Campaign Spending: 1960 - 2004 Year Est. Spending (millions) Voter Turnout Spending/ Voter 1960 175 68.8 $2.54 1964 200 70.6 $2.83 1968 300 73.2 $4.10 1972 425 77.7 $5.47 1976 540 81.6 $6.6 1980 1.2 86.6 $13.87 1984 1.8 92.7 $19.42 1988 2.7 91.6 $29.48 1992 3.2 104.4 $30.68 1996 4.0 96.5 $41.45 2000 5.1 105.4 $48.39 2004 6.0 120.2 $49.92

Sources of Funding Private contributions Major source Small contributors ($5, $10, etc.) Wealthy individuals & families (large $) Fat cats Candidates Their families, incumbents, those who hold an office & want to keep it Ross Perot – spent $65 million of own $ in 1992 Nonparty groups Political action committees (PACs) Temporary organizations Formed for immediate purposes of the campaign

Public sources Subsidies (grants) from federal & state treasuries

Federal Election Commission (FEC) Administers federal laws on campaign finances Laws they enforce: Timely disclosure of finance info Place limits on contributions Place limits on expenditures Provide public funding for several parts o presidential election process PAC contributions Corporations & labor unions cannot contribute Registered w/FEC Ex: AFL-CIO, AMPAC (Am Medical Political Action Committee, etc.)