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Expanding Circle Outer Circle Inner Circle UK, USA, Oceania 320 – 380 million India, the Philippines, Singapore 150 – 300 China, Japan, Germany 100 – 1000 million (Kachru 1989)

Current spread of English (topics) International organizations 85% make some official use of English Motion pictures in the mid 1990s, the US controlled about 85% of the world film market Popular music 99% of the pop groups listed in the Penguin Encyclopaedia of Popular music work entirely in English (Crystal 1997, 2003; Graddol 1997)

Current spread of English  International travel the US leads in tourism, earning and spending, international airports around the world have essential information in English  Publications more books are published in English than in any other language (Crystal 1997, 2003; Graddol 1997)

Current spread of English (MM) Communications 80% of the world’s electronically stored information is in English, 84% of Internet servers are English-medium Education English plays a significant role in higher education, accessing information in a great variety of fields is dependent upon having reading ability in English (Crystal 1997, 2003; Graddol 1997)

In the acquisition of an international language: (Smith 1976) learners do not need to internalize native speakers’ cultural norms international language becomes ‘denationalised’ the educational goal of learning is to enable learners to communicate their ideas and culture to others

language films values beliefs music religion race geography customs arts clothing food

Problems with traditional role of culture in EIL teaching 1. Which country should provide the basis for cultural content? 2. How will merely knowing about a culture help learners’ cross cultural encounters?

Kramsch’s goals for culture in language teaching 1. Establishing a ‘sphere of interculturality’ 2. Teaching culture as difference (from McKay 2002)

Cultural information in language materials (Cortazzi and Jin 1999) 1. source culture materials – learner’s own culture 2. target culture materials – a country where English is spoken 3. international target culture materials – a variety of cultures in English and non-English speaking countries.

Learner’s own culture

Britain: A country where English is spoken

A variety of cultures

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ANIMALS: Blowie, Chook, Joey, Jumbuck, Mozzie, Roo, Saltie PEOPLE Greenie, Mate, Milko, Pom /pommy, Sheila, Surfies, Swaggie, Swagman, EXPRESSIONS/PLACES: Fair dinkum, G'Day, Reckon! Ace! Arvo, Outback, Oz, Uni, Billabong, Bush, Cranky

Match up the idiom to the sport: That’s not cricket! Play it safe. That’s well below par. Hit for a six! Put the ball in your court. In the rough. Let the ball do the work. We’re facing a sticky wicket. Kick off. Well, I’m stumped! Learn the ropes. He was bowled over. Well, that took the wind out of my sails. South African Sporting Idioms CRICKET TENNIS SAILING GOLF FOOTBALL

What word describes these Welsh ladies? The word 'glamour' originates from ancient Welsh. Glamour was a paint applied to the face and body before going to battle! When we say someone has her 'war paint' on, we really mean it! Glamorous

Adder Avon Bard Booth Bow Corgi Druid Penguin Yew Welsh afon bardd Neidr pen gwyn bwthyn Bwa ywen cor, ci derwydd

Scottish dialect / Gaelic Match the words to the pictures: aye bairn - child ben biggin brig burn dram glen kirk lassie loch wee lassie kirk biggin dram glen burn brig ben loch aye bairn

How do you say... Csárdás Paprika Autóbusz Gulyás Golyóstoll Kuvasz Vizsla Komondor Puli Huszár